Editor’s Note: This week we’re at the 247th AAS meeting in Phoenix, AZ. Along with a team of authors from Astrobites, we will be writing updates on selected events at the meeting and posting each day. Follow along here or at astrobites.com for daily summaries, or follow @astrobites.bsky.social on Bluesky for more coverage. The usual posting schedule for AAS Nova will resume on 12 January.

Table of Contents:

• 2025 Annie Jump Cannon Award Lecture: Gravitational Waves from the Stellar Graveyard, Maya Fishbach (University of Toronto)
• Press Conference: High Redshifts and High Energies
• Bruno Rossi Prize Plenary: The Dawn of Low-Frequency Gravitational Wave Astronomy, Maura McLaughlin (West Virginia University) & Xavier Siemens (University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee), on behalf of the NANOGrav Collaboration
• Press Conference: Active Galactic Nuclei Across the Universe
• From CubeSats to Flagships: Innovation Through Exoplanet Exploration, Evgenya Shkolnik (Arizona State University)
• Lancelot M. Berkeley – New York Community Trust Prize Lecture: Measuring Cosmic Sound with DESI, Daniel Eisenstein (Harvard University), on behalf of the DESI collaboration

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2025 Annie Jump Cannon Award Lecture: Gravitational Waves from the Stellar Graveyard, Maya Fishbach (University of Toronto) (by Bill Smith)

Maya Fishbach delivered her Annie Jump Cannon Award plenary on what we have learned about binary black holes from the LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA (LVK) detectors. She began by explaining that gravitational waves are tiny ripples in spacetime created when massive, compact objects orbit and merge. LVK detects these ripples with laser interferometers that measure minute changes in the length of kilometer-scale arms. After several observing runs and hundreds of detections, the field has evolved from studying just individual events to analyzing the full population of binary black hole mergers.

To understand this population, we first ask how these black holes form astrophysically. Fishbach outlined multiple formation channels. The most well known channel is stellar binary evolution: two massive stars in a binary orbit live and die together, eventually becoming binary black holes that later merge. Another channel is dynamical formation in dense star clusters, where black holes can pair up and merge simply because the environment is crowded. Crucially, key properties of a merger are encoded in the gravitational waveform, especially the masses and spins of the black holes, and these can offer clues about which channel produced a given event.

Fishbach then described how population models fit these properties across many events. For example, the mass distribution, as a first-order approximation, can be approximated by a power law. LVK models incorporate measurement uncertainties and selection effects, recognizing that the detectors are more sensitive to some signals than others. They also include more complex models than simple power laws. A central component of this story is the pair-instability mass gap, a theoretically predicted mass range in which normal stellar evolution should not produce black holes. Early LVK population studies found black holes in this gap, prompting new ideas about how black holes could exist there. The leading explanation is hierarchical mergers: two black holes merge to form a heavier remnant, which later merges with a third black hole. LVK researchers refer to first-generation black holes as 1g, second-generation as 2g, and label events accordingly, for example a “1g+1g merger” or “1g+2g merger.”

She highlighted several recent results from population studies. Work by Claire Shi Ye shows a small subpopulation where both merging black holes lie in the mass gap. Hui Tong’s analysis focuses on the distribution of the lighter mass (also called the secondary mass) in the pair. Events with primary masses in the gap tend to have higher spins, a pattern consistent with hierarchical formation scenarios.

She concluded with additional evidence of generational mixing in the population, including work suggesting a population of 2g+1g mergers at lower masses, and newer analyses that are increasingly confident in separating the mass distributions of first- and second-generation black holes. Research by Amanda Farah and Aditya Vijaykumar indicates that 2g+1g mergers are more common at higher redshifts.

Fishbach concluded by thanking her LVK collaborators, the University of Toronto/CITA, and the Compact Objects and Other Loosely Related Stuff (COOLS) group.

You can read Astrobites’s interview with Maya Fishbach here.

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Press Conference: High Redshifts and High Energies (Briefing video) (by Drew Lapeer)

An Unlensed Barred Spiral Before Cosmic Noon

Many spiral galaxies, including our own Milky Way, present prominent bar-like features in their central regions. Galactic bars are thought to form through perturbation processes — influences on the galaxy’s disk that then propagate to the center. The timescale for bar formation in the early universe has important implications for galaxy evolution models, guiding our understanding of how quickly galaxy disks form and become stable and the influence that bar features have on their host galaxies.

At this morning’s press conference, Daniel Ivanov (University of Pittsburgh) presented results on a barred spiral galaxy in the early universe. At a redshift of z = 3.1591, or just 2 billion years after the Big Bang, this is the most distant barred spiral galaxy ever detected without gravitational lensing. Ivanov and collaborators confirmed the presence of the bar feature using three independent analysis methods. They hope to get further observation time with JWST to further understand the distant galaxy, placing it in a cosmological context to better understand galaxy evolution. | Pitt Press Release | UMass Press Release

A Precessing Radio Jet Drives Super-Heated Gas Outflows from a Disk Galaxy 

Thursday morning, Vivian U (Caltech/IPAC) presented new multi-wavelength results studying the active supermassive black hole (SMBH) in nearby galaxy VV340a. Active SMBHs rapidly accrete gas from their surroundings, and they can drastically influence their host galaxy by injecting some of that gas into the surrounding environment.

JWST observations revealed an extended jet of heated gas emerging from the galaxy’s central region. While such features are common in galaxies with active SMBHs, VV340a’s jet is unique due to its size and orientation. The jet is significantly longer than other examples, stretching at least 20 light-years outward from the galaxy’s center (typically, jets are ~10x smaller). In addition, the jet isn’t perpendicular to the galaxy disk, suggesting that the jet is shifting its orientation over time.

Archival data from the Very Large Array (VLA) radio telescope revealed a colder, older, more extended component of the jet, providing a “fossil record” to study the system. From the data, Vivian U and collaborators estimated the speed at which the jet is moving, finding a precession period of ~820,000 years. Using data from Keck, they also estimated the rate at which the jet is depleting the galaxy’s gas reservoir. The deduced mass outflow rate of 19 solar masses per year suggests that the galaxy is using up its reservoir quickly, unless an additional inflow of gas is present to sustain the loss. Several scenarios could produce this wobbly jet — such as two SMBHs in the center of VV340a or an instability in the disk of material surrounding the SMBH. More data is needed to fully confirm the nature of the system. While this is a benchmark case for synergetic observations of active SMBHs, more data is needed to fully understand the system. | Keck Press Release | NRAO Press Release

A Close Quasar Pair in  a Massive Galaxy Merger at z = 5.7 

Quasars, some of the most luminous objects in the universe, are powered by rapidly accreting supermassive black holes (SMBHs). When two galaxies merge, dormant SMBHs in one, or both, of the galaxies can be triggered, with the latter being exceptionally rare. Such systems are called “quasar pairs.” In Thursday’s press conference, Minghao Yue (University of Arizona) presented new results showcasing a new close quasar pair in two merging galaxies at a redshift of z = 5.7.

The two sources, named J2037-4537, were initially found in 2021 and marked as the first double quasar candidate at z > 5. Dedicated follow up observations from the ALMA radio telescope confirmed that the pair were indeed two individual, physically close galaxies with quasars in their center. Such a system at z > 5 places important constraints on galaxy evolution models, with the search for similar systems still ongoing. Yue and collaborators are hoping to obtain follow up observations with JWST to further understand the groundbreaking system.

An Ultra-Luminous Fast Transient Powered by Rapid Accretion of a Star onto a Black Hole

In 2018, a new enigmatic transient event was detected. These so-called Luminous Fast Blue Optical Transient events are as bright as, or brighter than, supernova explosions, but they disappear much faster. Initial work proposed many models to explain observations of these events, such as stars being destroyed by massive black holes. Since 2018, several other events have been detected, but follow-up observations always occurred too late to constrain the physical origin of the emission.

Daniel Perley (Liverpool John Moores University) announced Thursday that a new event had been detected, named AT2024wpp. The event was originally detected in data from the Zwicky Transient Facility, with follow up observations from Keck. AT2024wpp is one of the most luminous cosmic explosions ever detected, with a peak brightness of 100 billion times that of our Sun. Follow-up observations failed to reveal an expected abundance of spectral lines, challenging theories on the origin of these events. Follow up data from the VLA and ALMA revealed an extremely powerful shock wave passing through a zone of dense gas, moving ~20% the speed of light. To explain this event, Perley and collaborators posited that it was produced by a massive star being eaten by a black hole companion. Future observations obtaining spectra of similar events before they dim can further constrain the nature of these mysterious events. | Summary | LJMU Press Release | NRAO Press Release

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Bruno Rossi Prize Plenary: The Dawn of Low-Frequency Gravitational Wave Astronomy, Maura McLaughlin (West Virginia University) & Xavier Siemens (University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee), on behalf of the NANOGrav Collaboration (by Neev Shah)

Maura McLaughlin delivered the Bruno Rossi Prize Plenary Lecture on behalf of the NANOGrav Collaboration. She mentions that Xavier Siemens, who was also going to be there to deliver the plenary, but could not make it due to travel difficulties. Her lecture is on how we use giant radio telescopes across the world to look at extremely precise pulsar clocks to search for gravitational waves. NANOGrav was started in 2007 and is now a NSF Physics Frontier Center with more than 200 members. It is also part of the International Pulsar Timing Array, which consists of a worldwide collaboration of different teams with a common goal, searching for nanohertz gravitational waves.

She starts by talking about how electromagnetic observations over decades have shown us that galaxies grow and evolve through mergers. Most galaxies contain a central supermassive black hole (SMBH). When two galaxies merge, their respective central SMBHs can come close to each other and form a SMBH binary (SMBHB). However, she mentions that we don’t understand the behaviour of SMBHB at close separations very well, commonly referred to as the “final parsec problem.” We also cannot easily study SMBHB through electromagnetic observations, which is where gravitational waves enter the picture.

Unlike the ground based LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA GW detectors, we have a galactic scale gravitational wave detector network that consists of a “spider web” of pulsars. As gravitational waves pass between the pulsars and Earth, the distance between them changes, which can be detected in the timing data of pulsars. She mentions that radio observations of recycled millisecond pulsars are crucial for this purpose. We know of around 500 galactic millisecond pulsars, and they are extremely accurate clocks with their pulses arriving regularly at precision of hundreds of nanoseconds. As they observe these pulsars for decades, their dataset is sensitive to nanohertz gravitational wave frequencies. She speaks about the Hellings and Downs (HD) correlation, which is the smoking-gun signature of a stochastic gravitational wave background. She also mentions that this background is a red spectrum, as there are more binaries at lower frequencies.

Speaking about the dataset, she highlights that NANOGrav observed 68 millisecond pulsars with various radio telescopes such as GBT, Arecibo (rip!), VLA and CHIME. She mentions that a key step in studying pulsars is fitting the arrival times of their pulses with a timing model, which takes into account all the effects that can cause changes in their arrival times. The next step is to search for gravitational waves by cross-correlating the residuals in the timing data of all the pulsars, where the residuals are what is left in the data after subtracting out the timing model. As the stochastic background has a red noise, they search for such a spectrum in their timing residuals as well.

However, she cautions that there could be many other sources of noise, as pulsars are not perfect rotators; there are pulse jitters and various other effects that need to be carefully accounted for. However, all these noise sources have different signatures, and the gravitational wave background has a unique noise signature that can be teased out in the data.

After decades of accumulating data, in June 2023, NANOGrav, along with various other pulsar timing array collaborations across the world announced the discovery of the stochastic gravitational wave background. She emphasizes that finding the background is just the initial step. But more importantly, what do we learn from it? They find that the slope of the spectrum is consistent with what is expected of SMBHBs, but the signal is also in agreement with many other exotic scenarios. They also perform searches for gravitational waves from individual SMBHBs, and although they do not find any evidence for a signal, they are able to place constraints that will significantly improve in the future.

Speaking about the future, she highlights that NANOGrav is currently working on their 20-year-long dataset. She also shows a preliminary Hellings–Downs curve, which is now much more tightly constrained than in the original discovery paper. The worldwide collaboration of various pulsar timing arrays, called the IPTA, is working on their third data release, which will be the most sensitive dataset in the world for searchers for nanohertz gravitational waves. She also mentions that with improved radio instrumentation and new telescopes such as the Deep Synoptic Array, they will be able to detect and study many more pulsars. With an amazing sensitivity, they expect that many tens of SMBHBs could be detected, and there could also be synergy with electromagnetically identified sources for targeted searches, embarking on a new era in multimessenger astronomy.

You can also read Astrobites’s interviews with Maura McLaughlin and Xavier Siemens.

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Press Conference: Active Galactic Nuclei Across the Universe (Briefing video) (by Lexi Gault)

Hidden Hearts: The Central Galactic Structures That Grow Black Holes

Sky surveys have revolutionized our understanding of galaxy-wide morphologies — observations of galaxies across the sky reveal various structures and shapes that can clue us in to what may be happening inside these galaxies. Michael Koss (Eureka Scientific, Inc.) presented the importance of high-resolution imaging of nearby galaxies. Sometimes missed in shallower surveys, higher resolution observations from the Hubble Space Telescope and Keck often reveal detailed internal structures like nuclear dust lanes, spiral arms, and clumpy structures. These features, Koss pointed out, could provide fuel for active supermassive black holes within these galaxies. With planned missions like Euclid and Roman, these telescopes will be able to see through obscured galaxy light and reveal things like mergers and detailed structures that provide better insights into the internal structures and mechanisms of galaxies. Given the volumes of these surveys, citizen scientists can help through Galaxy Zoo to classify galaxies with these types of structures, supporting community engagement while pushing a science goal forward.

From Dwarfs to Giants: A Complete Census of Active Galactic Nuclei

How common are active supermassive black holes? Mugdha Polimera (Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian) presented a census of active galactic nuclei in galaxies across a range of masses. Using different search methods for different galaxy types, the team was able to decipher active black hole light from the glare of star formation. This study included 8,000 galaxies and found that only 2–5% of dwarf galaxies house an active black hole. While this value is up from previous studies estimating only about 1% for dwarfs, this fraction is still far below what Polimera’s team measured for medium and large galaxies, 16–27% and 20–48%, respectively. Looking further into galaxy properties, the dwarf population tends to have little dust, high star formation activity, and high gas content. Despite having ample fuel for hungry black holes, dwarf galaxies rarely house an accreting central black hole. Further investigation is necessary to determine if this is driven by detection limitations or physical properties in dwarf galaxies suppressing supermassive black hole accretion. | Press release

Monsters and Misalignment: Do Active Galactic Nuclei Influence Counter-Rotation in Low-Mass Galaxies?

Within galaxies, we anticipate the gas and stars to generally orbit the galactic center together, but this is not always the case. Low-mass galaxies, which are more susceptible to mass loss from multiple avenues, are sometimes observed to have misaligned gas and stellar rotation. Dominic Schwein (Colorado College) and team were curious if active galactic nuclei could be the culprit of this phenomenon. Using Sloan Digital Sky Survey MaNGA spectroscopy, they were able to map the velocities of the stars and gas in detail for 94 small galaxies with active galactic nuclei (AGN). Through their analysis, they found that counter rotation — when the stars and gas rotate in opposite directions — is much more common in galaxies with AGN, with 52% counter rotating. This analysis provides clues to how AGN can impact their host galaxies, with AGN feedback likely redistributing the gas content leading to counter rotation. Comparing the 94 galaxies to a broader sample of 3,000 galaxies, they find that galaxies with misaligned stars and gas are more likely to host AGN. This study is helping to improve the understanding of AGN and their influence on their host galaxies. | Press release

Galactic Rain: Cool Gas Inflows in Red Geyser Galaxies

One of the important questions in galaxy evolution is how galaxies stop forming stars. Theory predicts that supermassive black holes can suppress star formation in their hosts by heating up the gas, preventing it from collapsing into new stars. However, observations have revealed that some AGN inhabit star-forming galaxies, meaning their impacts on star formation may be a bit more complicated. Looking at a rare galaxy class, red geysers, Arian Moghni (University of California, Santa Cruz) and collaborators sought to understand how some AGN still appear star-forming. The ionized gas in red geysers appears to be outflowing and does not indicate star formation, which is assumed to be the impact of the AGN. However, if gas is being pumped out, what is keeping the AGN active? Moghni looked into the cold gas using specific chemical tracers that can reveal the location and motions of the cool gas in the galaxy. Through this analysis, they found that the cool gas seems to be inflowing into the red geysers, keeping their supermassive black holes active. The exact origins of this cool inflowing gas are not yet fully understood, but it could be accreted from the local environment or from interactions with nearby galaxies. From their analysis, the team found that interactions are the likely culprit, maintaining the AGN activity and keeping star formation in red geysers suppressed. | Press release

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From CubeSats to Flagships: Innovation Through Exoplanet Exploration, Evgenya Shkolnik (Arizona State University) (by Lexi Gault)

A professor at Arizona State University, Evgenya Shkolnik presented this afternoon’s plenary on the interconnection between the smallest satellites and the largest flagship missions in the context of exoplanetary science. In order to understand the missions we need, she took us back to the basics, starting with a big science question. For Dr. Shkolnik, a big science question is one that takes many people and often multiple generations to get to the answer. This requires us to break these large-scale questions into more manageable objectives and needed measurements in order to reach the broader science goals.

In exoplanetary science, one of the big driving questions is, “are we alone?” This question, though only three words, is massive in scope scientifically. To search for life, we need to understand exoplanet populations, atmospheric biosignatures, and how a planet’s host star shapes its atmosphere and environment. No single instrument or mission can target every science objective at once; thus, we need an ecosystem of tools to solve big science questions. For example, the first exoplanet discoveries required a variety of telescopes and teams of people to achieve these breakthroughs.

To date, there have been more than 6,000 exoplanets discovered through a variety of methods, with a combination of on-ground and in-space telescopes. From these discoveries, we have learned that exoplanets are everywhere, and they are extremely diverse. Excitingly, it has been estimated that about 25% of all stars have rocky planets in the habitable zone — the atmospheres of these planets are the keys to keep them habitable. However, as we experience solar flares and weather from the Sun here on Earth, the stellar environment a planet is exposed to regulates its atmosphere and subsequent habitability. Therefore, understanding stellar activity and the high energy photon emission at an exoplanet’s orbit is critical in the search for life.

Launching in the early hours on Sunday, 11 January, SPARCS, the Star–Planet Activity Research CubeSat, is a small telescope that will stare at 20 stars for a month each in order to catch ultraviolet flares. This little but significant telescope will collect a wealth of stellar activity data, providing insights into the environments in which potentially habitable planets reside. Not only does SPARCS enable important observations, but it will also test technology that may be employed on future flagships like the Habitable Worlds Observatory.

SPARCS is an example of a small instrument that is part of a larger ecosystem of astronomical tools to explore the universe. Dr. Shkolnik provides a framework for us to consider when thinking about building our science: scaling up, laddering up, and pairing up. Scaling up allows us to build better instruments that provide better measurements. Laddering up connects smaller projects that contribute science results and instrument testing to multiple larger missions that come after them. Pairing up allows us to pull together multiple missions that work simultaneously to address the same big science questions. As we move forward, thinking about these aspects will improve both small- and large-scale missions, making science goals ambitious and achievable.

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Lancelot M. Berkeley – New York Community Trust Prize Lecture: Measuring Cosmic Sound with DESI, Daniel Eisenstein (Harvard University), on behalf of the DESI collaboration (by Bill Smith)

Daniel Eisenstein accepted the Lancelot M. Berkeley – New York Community Trust Prize for Meritorious Work in Astronomy on behalf of the DESI collaboration. His plenary talk, Measuring Cosmic Sound with the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument DESI, focused on the physics of baryon acoustic oscillations, the DESI instrument, the latest cosmological results, and what those results mean for the future of cosmology.

He began with the hot Big Bang model, which posits that the very early universe was hot, dense, and nearly smooth, and that it cooled and developed structure over time. This framework has been remarkably successful, explaining much of cosmology with a small set of parameters and well-understood physics. In this model, small inhomogeneities in the early universe grew through gravity into the web of galaxy clusters we see today, and measuring this large scale structure has been one of the most powerful tests of the Big Bang model. A key component of this picture is dark energy, the somewhat recently discovered phenomenon driving the accelerated expansion of the universe.

This is where baryon acoustic oscillations, or BAO, come in. BAO are sound waves from the very early universe, roughly 400,000 years after the Big Bang. Before that time, the universe was hotter and ionized, and photons exerted large pressure and restoring forces on baryons. Overdensities in this matter distribution generated spherical sound waves that propagated at approximately 57% of the speed of light. At the epoch of recombination, the baryons cooled, became neutral, and photons began to travel freely. The sound speed then dropped rapidly, freezing in the pattern of those waves. The result is a faint but measurable statistical imprint in the clustering of matter that persists through cosmic time. Because the expected separation scale of this imprint depends only on the sound speed and the propagation time, it can be used as a standard ruler for measuring distances across the universe.

After outlining the BAO theory, Eisenstein turned to DESI, which was designed to map cosmic expansion and the growth of structure through BAO. Building on the legacy of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, DESI has mapped about 40% of the sky from redshift z = 0 to z = 3.5. Over four and a half years, through spectra, DESI has measured 45 million extragalactic redshifts and observed 18 million stars.

He then presented the BAO constraints from DESI Data Release 2, which are the tightest to date. He presented correlation functions for several galaxy samples, each revealing a clear BAO signal at the expected separation distance, and he added independent BAO evidence from the Lyman-alpha forest. In the final part of the talk, Eisenstein discussed the implications of these and other DESI results for LambdaCDM cosmology. He emphasized the strong synergy between BAO and Type Ia supernovae as complementary distance probes. When used independently, the BAO-based estimate of the Hubble constant differs from the value inferred from supernovae, further reinforcing the growing issues of the “Hubble tension.” He also presented analyses showing that DESI’s results favor models with evolving dark energy over a simple constant dark energy, and that this preference strengthens when cosmic microwave background and supernova data are included.

He closed by touching on other DESI measurements, including the Alcock Paczynski effect and measurements of gravitational lensing of the cosmic microwave background. Together, these results point to a rapidly improving picture of cosmic history and highlight how DESI’s precise mapping of structure can sharpen our understanding of the universe’s contents and evolution.

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Editor’s Note: This week we’re at the 247th AAS meeting in Phoenix, AZ. Along with a team of authors from Astrobites, we will be writing updates on selected events at the meeting and posting each day. Follow along here or at astrobites.com for daily summaries, or follow @astrobites.bsky.social on Bluesky for more coverage. The usual posting schedule for AAS Nova will resume on 12 January.

Table of Contents:

• Plenary Lecture: Sharp New Views of the Interstellar Medium of Nearby Galaxies, Adam Leroy (Ohio State University)
• Press Conference: Asteroids, Low-Mass Stars, and a Mystery from History
• Plenary Lecture: Partisan Disparities in the Use, Funding, and Production of Science, Alexander Furnas (Northwestern University)
• Press Conference: Cosmology and Galaxy Clusters
• 2025 Dannie Heineman Prize Lecture: Unveiling the First Black Holes in the Universe, Priyamvada Natarajan (Yale University)
• Plenary Lecture: Probing the Accretion History of AGN using X-Ray and Multi-Wavelength Surveys, Tonima Tasnim Ananna (Wayne State University)

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Plenary Lecture: Sharp New Views of the Interstellar Medium of Nearby Galaxies, Adam Leroy (Ohio State University) (by Niloofar Sharei)

Adam Leroy’s plenary talk showed how new high-resolution surveys are transforming our view of the interstellar medium (ISM) in nearby galaxies. He framed the ISM as the gas and dust between stars, the raw material for star formation and a key link between small-scale physics and galaxy-wide evolution.

He began by showing how different wavelengths trace different phases of the ISM. Optical and ultraviolet light reveal stars, optical emission lines trace ionized gas around young stars, ALMA observations of CO trace cold molecular gas where stars form, and JWST infrared images reveal dust, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and deeply embedded young regions. Taken together, these views place star-forming regions along an evolutionary sequence from molecular clouds to exposed star clusters. He explained about PHANGS surveys, which combine ALMA, JWST, Hubble Space Telescope, Very Large Telescope, and other facilities to study the nearest star-forming galaxies at cloud-scale resolution. Using these data, Leroy showed that molecular gas properties vary across galaxies. Lower-mass galaxies and outer disks have lower gas surface densities and narrower line widths, while massive galaxies and galaxy centers show denser gas and more energetic motions. By averaging cloud-scale measurements within regions, their team found strong correlations between molecular cloud properties and large-scale disk structure, such as stellar surface densities. This may suggest that molecular clouds are shaped by their galactic environment rather than being universal objects. He argued that these trends are consistent with molecular clouds being moderately over-pressurized relative to their surroundings.

Finally, he turned to the origin of molecular clouds from atomic gas. New Very Large Array surveys of the closest galaxies now resolve atomic hydrogen into filaments and clouds at scales comparable to molecular data. He concluded that resolved, multi-wavelength observations now allow galaxies to be dissected into individual star-forming regions which shows how gas, stars, and feedback interact across environments, with ALMA and JWST leading the way and future facilities promising even deeper insights soon.

You can read Astrobites’s interview with Adam Leroy here.

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Press Conference: Asteroids, Low-Mass Stars, and a Mystery from History (Briefing video) (by Amaya Sinha)

NSF–DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory Spots Record-Breaking Asteroid in Pre-Survey Observations

A one-of-a-kind observatory in terms of size, speed, and resolving power, the Vera C. Rubin Observatory will construct an astronomical movie of the night sky like never before over the next few decades. One of the key advances it will bring is a better understanding of the objects in our own solar system, particularly of small asteroids. And yet, it has already been blowing our minds with the first photons it received in 2025 during commission. Sarah Greenstreet (NOIRLab) presented asteroid findings from the telescope’s commissioning data, which involved taking more than 1,000 pictures of the Virgo cluster, located near the ecliptic plane. In these commissioning pictures, it identified more than 2,000 solar system objects, approximately 1,900 of which had never been observed before. Furthermore, due to the large number of images, Rubin scientists were able to create light curves for each object to determine what they were, what they were composed of, and even whether they were rotating or not. One of the most exciting discoveries from this analysis was the discovery of MN45 — an asteroid more than 500 meters across — which shattered all previous asteroid records for rotation for an asteroid of its size, with a rotation period of 1.88 minutes. In summary, we’ve not even begun to show science data from the Rubin Observatory, and it is already changing our understanding of the universe. You can read a press release about this research here.

It’s Not Complicated: Life Is Simple on Cool-Star Planets

Does life exist elsewhere in the universe? If so, where is it? And what does it look like? These are all questions that are at the heart of modern astronomy. Fortunately for us, William Welch of San Diego State University has answers for us! He took a novel approach to answering this question by looking at how life on Earth would have evolved around late-type M dwarfs. These stars comprise over 75% of all stars in the galaxy, and due to their extremely low masses, we can reliably detect exoplanets around them, such as in the TRAPPIST-1 system. So what are the chances of life on these worlds? Unfortunately, not great. See, life (as it exists on Earth) thrives on visible light between 400 and 900 nanometers, as that’s the region most useful for oxygenic photosynthesis. However, TRAPPIST-1 emits relatively little light in that wavelength range, having a much larger contribution from the infrared sections of its spectral energy distribution. This means that — in an Earth-analog scenario — oxygen-breathing life that forms the basis for our life wouldn’t exist, it would have been outcompeted by bacteria that can perform anaerobic photosynthesis. The results of this would drastically change the course of evolution. They likely wouldn’t result in the Cambrian evolution that brought so much of life into existence. You can read a press release about this research here.

Naturally Occurring “Space Weather Station” Elucidates New Way to Study Habitability of Planets Orbiting M-Dwarf Stars

One of the great joys of the modern world is our ability to predict the weather. While this is typically limited to knowing if it’ll rain tomorrow, it’s also essential to understand space weather, or how the Sun’s activity affects our delicate little planet. This is not limited to Earth, though; understanding the interactions between stars and planets is crucial to determining whether life exists there. While astronomers are familiar with studying light from stars and planets, it is generally more challenging to study particle interactions between them; however, these are the interactions that can strip planets of their atmospheres. To overcome this issue, Luke Bouma at Carnegie Science conceived the idea of using a special class of M dwarfs: complex periodic variables. These stars have complexly varying lightcurves that reflect the structure and interactions between the star and its circumstellar hydrogen. From this, Bouma was able to study not just light from the star, but the actual localized space weather around it. Therefore, it would be possible to use objects like these complex variables in the future to identify which kinds of worlds could be potentially habitable and which have been stripped barren by stellar winds. You can read a press release about this work here.

E. E. Barnard’s Star Near Venus — A 130-Year-Old Mystery Solved?

If you’ve been in astronomy, you’ve likely heard of Barnard’s Star, one of the closest stars to the solar system. However, that is not the only notable star associated with the famous E. E. Barnard. In 1892, when he was first starting out at the Mount Lick Observatory, he observed a 7th-magnitude star near Venus that didn’t appear on any existing almanacs or star charts. Certainly, no one could have misplaced a star that bright, right? Well, yes, and yet no matter what he did, he couldn’t figure out what the object in question was! This question remained unanswered for decades and was still unsolved when Barnard passed away in 1923. However, in 2025, over a century later, it appears we have an answer. William Sheehan, a preeminent historian and author of Barnard’s biography, led a team in an attempt to identify the mystery star in question. After trying every classification under the Sun — from nebulae to RR Lyrae stars — they found an answer so simple and yet so hidden: Barnard had likely just misclassified the star’s brightness. See, at the time he observed it, he was still new to using the 36-inch refractor and significantly overestimated the star’s actual brightness, because the human eye is notoriously poor at judging absolute scales. But when the team took a measurement in 2025 to confirm this, the star was right where it should be, right at the magnitude it should have been.

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Plenary Lecture: Partisan Disparities in the Use, Funding, and Production of Science, Alexander Furnas (Northwestern University) (by Bill Smith)

The relationship between science and politics has been on the minds of many astronomers this past year, so it was not surprising that Dr. Alexander Furnas, a political scientist who studies science policymaking, drew a dense crowd of astronomers for his plenary talk. He began by unequivocally rebuking the myth that science is apolitical, with astronomy being no exception. Given the long time horizons required to answer fundamental scientific questions, the substantial public investments that support both research missions and researchers’ salaries, and national security concerns, he argued that scientists must now, more than ever, understand the science policy process as part of their professional development and for career success. He then challenged the way that most scientists think about how science policy is crafted — in which scientists make discoveries, gain recognition for their work, policy is created around their new knowledge, and then scientists go back to work creating new knowledge. Instead, he proposed a model in which science policy is a political system, and one in which intermediary organizations, such as think tanks, professional societies, and others, mediate the process between knowledge creation and policy creation, often with incentives beyond supporting science for science’s sake at play.

One of his main points was that there are four main areas in which politics always enters science: funding, evaluation, translation, and uptake. For each of these areas, he showed evidence from his research. Regarding science funding, he presented evidence suggesting that, at least until 2020, both Democratic and Republican lawmakers tended to fund science at the same level, counter to the intuitions of many in the science community, and that the current administration represents a stark departure from even historical Republican administrations.

For translation, his main point to the scientific community is that “intermediaries matter.” Congressional staffers are not trained to read journal articles or to understand how rigorous methodologies are applied across fields, so they rely on intermediary organizations, most notably think tanks, to translate basic science into policy recommendations. These think tanks, Furnas explained, are highly polarized, and this polarization has been increasing over time. He went on to explain that, in this context, polarization has multiple meanings. First, very few scientific and policy studies are cited by both parties. Second, the two parties draw from different “clusters” of research at different rates and for different purposes. Democrats, on average, cite scientific research about 1.8 times more than Republicans across topics, and left-of-center think tanks cite scientific papers roughly five times more than right-leaning institutions. Third, there are systematic differences in how research is framed and used, in that citations are often selective to pre-existing agendas. Furnas also noted that political elites and decision-makers tend to have higher trust in science than the general voting public, which shapes both evaluation and uptake even when the broader public is skeptical.

He emphasized that how scientific work “travels,” who translates it, how it’s framed, and which networks pick it up, can matter as much as the findings themselves. He showed data from an experiment in which congressional staffers were given information from a hypothetical petitioner in their district, and showed that staffers were more likely to act on a recommendation when it came from an ideologically aligned intermediary, a pattern that held for both parties.

Turning to geopolitics, Furnas argued that international collaboration is now heavily politicized, with security concerns often dominating decisions. He described evidence from an NSF evaluation experiment that the political context around countries of those on a proposal (e.g., China versus Germany) influences how proposals are judged. Expecting scientific excellence alone to overcome these pressures, he warned, asks too much of scientists working within the realities of the system.

Furnas closed by underscoring that institutions matter more than individuals. Professional societies, advisory bodies, and other collective organizations play a crucial role in building credibility and continuity in science policy. His caution to the scientific community, including astronomers, was clear: while science remains vital, it is not neutral, but overt partisanship can make institutions less trustworthy. Astronomers will strengthen their impact by becoming policy literate, engaging thoughtfully with credible intermediaries, and framing their work for translation and uptake across polarized institutions. Understanding the politics of science, he argued, isn’t a distraction from doing science, it is increasingly part of doing science well.

You can read Astrobites’s interview with Dr. Furnas here.

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Press Conference: Cosmology and Galaxy Clusters (Briefing video) (by Skylar Grayson)

The Strongly Lensed Supernova Pantheon as Revealed by JWST

Massive galaxy clusters warp spacetime, creating a lens that can impact our view of background galaxies. Lensed galaxies appear warped, magnified, or can even show up multiple times. When one of these multiply-imaged galaxies has a supernova go off in it, it provides a great opportunity to measure the expansion of the universe. Conor Larison from the Space Telescope Science Institute presented the discovery of two supernovae in lensed galaxies, one that happened when the universe was half its current age, and one at an even greater distance, when the universe was only as third as old as it is now. Each of these supernovae happened in galaxies that appear multiple times due to lensing, but the supernova itself only shows up in one image. That’s because of an effect called time delay, where because the light from the galaxy is taking a different path, with a different length, to make each image, we’re actually seeing it at different times. Which means that while only one image shows the supernova right now, we will see them again! One will reappear in 1–2 years, while the other won’t be seen for over 60 years. But once we have those observations, we can use them to measure how fast the universe is expanding, quantified by the Hubble constant, H₀. This technique gives us a new way to measure H₀ and could help shed some light on the current tension in its value that arises from different ways of measuring it. (For more on this idea check out this Astrobite.) You can find the full press release for these results here.

The Discovery of a Strongly Lensed Protocluster Core Candidate at Cosmic Noon

Galaxy clusters are some of the most massive structures in the universe, but currently most galaxies in clusters are not actively forming new stars. Understanding how they built up their mass requires peering back in time, looking for the “protoclusters” that are the early stages of clusters as we see them in today’s universe. Nicholas Foo, a graduate student at Arizona State University, presented observations of one such protocluster, seen when the universe was only a few billion years old. This protocluster is being gravitationally lensed, giving us a magnified glimpse of 11 dusty star-forming galaxies in its core. These galaxies showcase some of the most extreme star-forming environments in the universe, producing new stars at a rate 5,000 times higher than what we see in the Milky Way. Thanks to the strong lensing caused by a fully formed cluster closer to us, we are able to get a glimpse of this early moment of stellar build up, helping uncover how galaxy clusters came to grow so large and what early stages of their lives could have looked like. You can find the full press release here.

ODIN: Mapping the High-Redshift Cosmic Web via Protoclusters and Filaments at Cosmic Noon

Protoclusters, the infant stages of the massive galaxy clusters we see in today’s universe, provide crucial information about structure formation and galaxy evolution. Vandana Ramakrishnan from Purdue University presented results from a survey called ODIN, which hunted for these protoclusters in the early universe. She shared two unique objects they discovered, both of which were extremely massive. One of them is actually a proto-supercluster containing the mass of 5,000 Milky Ways and located at the highest redshift of any proto-supercluster found to date. Using spectroscopic follow-up of these baby clusters, they were able to generate 3D maps of their structure. These maps revealed clumpy and irregular shapes, subgroups, and filamentary structures that feed material into cluster cores. These structures are well aligned with what’s predicted from our models of cluster evolution, and showcase many of the features seen in cosmological simulations.

Scorching Hot Intracluster Gas in a Baby Galaxy Cluster 12 Billion Years Ago 

Galaxy clusters are the most massive structures in the universe, but most of their baryonic mass is not actually in the galaxies themselves. Instead, it’s found in the diffuse gas between galaxies known as the intracluster medium, which plays a big role in shaping galaxy evolution and can provide key information about the mass of dark matter halos. But observing this gas, especially at large distances, is quite difficult. Dazhi Zhou from the University of British Columbia presented results from an attempt to observe this gas in a protocluster seen when the universe was only 1.4 billion years old. He utilized the thermal Sunyaev–Zeldovich (SZ) effect, which happens when hot gas scatters with light from the cosmic microwave background. Using the ALMA telescope, he detected a hot intracluster medium using the SZ effect at high significance, the earliest detection of this gas to date. And the detection showed something weird; the gas is hot. Over five times hotter than what we would expect based on observations of nearby clusters and some of our cosmological simulations. Most likely, the extra heating is coming from active galactic nuclei in the protocluster, which drive jets that can deposit energy in the intracluster medium. This is the first such observation of the hot intracluster medium in the early universe, and opens up some exciting questions about the accuracy of our models when it comes to capturing the early stages of cluster growth. You can read the full press release here.

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2025 Dannie Heineman Prize Lecture: Unveiling the First Black Holes in the Universe, Priyamvada Natarajan (Yale University) (by Drew Lapeer)

This year’s Dannie Heineman Prize Lecture was given by Dr. Priyamvada Natarajan, professor of astronomy and physics at Yale University. Her talk focused on some of the earliest drivers of galaxy formation and evolution — supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in the early universe. Professor Natarajan’s work in this field has been revolutionary, with much of her theoretical work laying the groundwork for interpreting cutting-edge JWST observations.

She began by giving an overview of two recent leaps in our understanding of SMBHs in the early universe. First is JWST, opening up the door to high-redshift (z > 10) studies of individual SMBHs, just a few hundred million years after the Big Bang. Many of the individual SMBH candidate sources detected with JWST — such as UHZ1 — challenge our understanding of SMBH formation and evolution due to their large masses. More recently, the detection of the gravitational wave background has shed light on the broader population of SMBHs across cosmic time.

Natarajan went on to outline the theoretical models which can produce the population of SMBHs detected by JWST and provided an overview of how we can test these models. Various sources can produce SMBHs as we see them in the local universe. Such models include the direct collapse of massive gas clouds in the early universe, rapid growth of less massive black holes in dense star clusters, and primordial black holes formed very shortly after the Big Bang. Growing evidence points towards the possibility of multiple seeding channels, says Natarajan, but formation of SMBHs via “heavy seeds,” through processes like the direct collapse of gas clouds, is likely a key driver. Moving forward, Natarjan discusses how important it is to understand which of these channels is the most efficient, thus being most likely to produce the current-day SMBH population.

Turning to empirical constraints on these models, Natarajan outlined several promising avenues. The ubiquity of central SMBHs in present day galaxies can provide crucial constraints on seeding mechanisms. In addition, further work measuring the mass of early universe SMBHs with JWST will continue to revolutionize our understanding of SMBH formation.

The plenary closed with an overview of the future prospects of the field. The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is a next-generation gravitational wave director that’s set to start operations in the 2030s. With LISA, astronomers can pinpoint merging massive black holes. The frequency of these mergers, and follow up with other observatories, will open a new door into SMBH evolution science.

You can find our interview with Professor Natarajan here.

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Plenary Lecture: Probing the Accretion History of AGN using X-Ray and Multi-Wavelength Surveys, Tonima Tasnim Ananna (Wayne State University) (by Neev Shah)

Dr. Tonima Tasnim Ananna, a faculty member at Wayne State University delivered her plenary lecture on the multiwavelength view of accretion history in active galactic nuclei (AGN). She emphasizes that understanding the behaviour of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) is extremely vital as they are located at the centers of most galaxies. As matter falls into them, it can form an accretion disk around the SMBH, which emits radiation in the ultraviolet and optical. They also have an X-ray corona around them, as well as a torus that absorbs the ultraviolet and optical radiation, re-radiating it in the infrared. She describes the unified model of AGN, which explains their different properties with the help of a simple geometric viewing-angle effect. She highlights that observing them in different wavelengths is crucial as they all provide complementary information. Dr. Ananna describes the key questions in the field, which are:

1. How are the first black holes (BHs) seeded?
2. How and when do these black holes grow?
3. Are AGN driven mostly through mergers or secular evolution?
4. How is matter regulated around an AGN?

She mentions that the two ways to answer these questions are through either studying individual objects, or using large datasets to produce statistical functions. Although she primarily focuses on the latter, she emphasizes the importance of the former as well, with the example of how UHZ1 demonstrated the heavy seed scenario for forming the first black holes. Next, she discusses the curious case of the little red dots (LRDs) and mentions that although JWST has found numerous LRDs, they are surprisingly not seen in X-rays or are poor X-ray emitters. She finds that LRDs also contain overmassive BHs. A possible explanation for the lack of X-rays in LRDs could be that we see the SMBHs through lots of obscuration. Another possibility is that the SMBHs are accreting matter at a super-Eddington rate, as that can trap photons and stop the production of X-rays. She describes the receding torus model, which occurs as the AGN has a high luminosity, which makes the torus smaller, and increases the viewing probability. In such a scenario, the obscured fraction should drop with luminosity. She mentions that this can be tested with the help of Swift data, as it provides an unbiased sample of obscured and unobscured sources.

However, Dr. Ananna suggests that perhaps it is not the luminosity that controls the matter around an AGN, but the Eddington ratio, which accounts for the counteracting forces of gravity and radiation pressure. She finds that this model, called the “radiation regulation unification model,” is more accurate than the receding torus model. To summarise, she highlights that at low Eddington ratios, a geometric unification provides a good solution, but at high Eddington ratios, the sources can start to get obscured and show temporal evolution. With that, Dr. Ananna has answered the questions 1) and 4), and concludes with her thoughts on how to tackle questions 2) and 3).

You can find our interview with Dr. Tonima Tasnim Ananna here.

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Editor’s Note: This week we’re at the 247th AAS meeting in Phoenix, AZ. Along with a team of authors from Astrobites, we will be writing updates on selected events at the meeting and posting each day. Follow along here or at astrobites.com for daily summaries, or follow @astrobites.bsky.social on Bluesky for more coverage. The usual posting schedule for AAS Nova will resume on 12 January.

Table of Contents:

• Historical Astronomy Division LeRoy E. Doggett Prize Plenary: Don’t Let Anybody Tell You to Plan Your Career, Thomas Hockey (University of Northern Iowa)
• Press Conference: News from the High-Redshift Universe
• 2025 Newton Lacy Pierce Prize Plenary: What Happens to Planets After Their Stars Die?, Andrew Vanderburg (Harvard University)
• Press Conference: The Milky Way and Stellar Explosions
• Plenary Lecture: The Creating Equity in STEAM (CrEST) Experiential Learning Programs, Raja GuhaThakurta (University of California, Santa Cruz)
• Henry Norris Russell Lecture: Finding the Most Distant Galaxies Using the James Webb Space Telescope, Marcia Rieke (University of Arizona)

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Historical Astronomy Division LeRoy E. Doggett Prize Plenary: Don’t Let Anybody Tell You to Plan Your Career, Thomas Hockey (University of Northern Iowa) (by Niloofar Sharei)

Today’s awards session for the Historical Astronomy Division’s Doggett Prize featured a lecture by prizewinner Thomas A. Hockey, who used his own winding career path to argue for staying open to unexpected opportunities. He described how early interests in planetary observing gradually led him toward the history of astronomy, with side projects that became central, from untangling long-standing myths about Jupiter’s Great Red Spot to preserving oral histories from figures such as Clyde Tombaugh. A recurring theme he went back to was that historical observations can meaningfully inform modern astrophysics, but only when their limitations are carefully respected. He closed by returning to eclipse-chasing and long-baseline sky watching, emphasizing how real celestial events, rather than rigid plans, ultimately shaped his career, encouraging all young astronomers to be open to opportunities that come along.

You can read Astrobites’s interview with Thomas Hockey here.

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Press Conference: News from the High-Redshift Universe (Briefing video) (by Niloofar Sharei)

Today’s press conference highlighted how JWST, together with ALMA and Hubble, is sharpening our view of galaxy growth in the universe’s first billion years, while nearby low-metallicity “analogs” help us test the physics we cannot resolve at high redshift.

The ALPINE-CRISTAL-JWST Survey: A New Multi-Wavelegth Survey Reveals Early Galaxies Grow Up Fast

Andreas Faisst (IPAC at Caltech) presented results from a large multi-wavelength program targeting “typical” galaxies within the first billion years after the Big Bang, combining Hubble (stars), JWST (ionized gas and emission-line maps), and ALMA (cold gas and dust). The key message was that heavy elements like oxygen and carbon, what astronomers call “metals,” appear very early: some galaxies at these epochs already reach metal abundances approaching local galaxies. By comparing metallicity versus stellar mass, the team argues that rapid enrichment is achievable on short timescales, consistent with intense early star formation and supernova-driven metal production, with additional evidence that metals are not confined to the galaxies themselves but also appear in surrounding gas, implying efficient feedback and outflows. These results are discussed in a paper previously covered on Astrobites. | Caltech press release; NRAO press release

A New Population of Point-Like Narrow-Line Objects Revealed by the James Webb Space Telescope

Haojing Yan and Bangzheng Sun (University of Missouri – Columbia) introduced a small but fascinating set of JWST sources that look almost like point sources in images but show narrow emission lines when you look at their spectra. Yan described them as the “platypuses of the universe.” On their own, none of their properties are especially strange, but when you put everything together, they do not fit neatly into any familiar category. Normally, unresolved sources turn out to be either stars or quasars. Yan showed that these objects are not stars based on their colors and spectra. They also do not behave like typical quasars: although they are compact, they are less luminous and lack the broad emission lines that come from fast-moving gas around a supermassive black hole.

Because of this, the team argued that these sources are not standard quasars. Two possibilities remain. They could be a previously unknown type of narrow-line active galactic nucleus, where a compact central engine dominates over an extremely faint host galaxy, or they could be very young, compact star-forming galaxies, probably younger than about 200 million years, whose early growth kept them unusually small and smooth. Either way, the speakers emphasized that this appears to be a new population, and that deeper and more detailed JWST spectroscopy will be needed to figure out what these objects really are. | University of Missouri press release; STScI press release

Supermassive Stars as the Engines Behind Little Red Dots

Devesh Nandal (Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian) proposed an alternative explanation for at least some little red dots: instead of being compact galaxies powered by active black holes, their light might come mainly from a single, extremely massive star growing through rapid accretion. A key motivation for this idea is what these objects don’t show: they lack detectable X-ray emission, which would normally be expected if an actively accreting black hole were present. At the same time, their very compact unresolved appearance makes them hard to explain as normal galaxies, and their spectra do not look like those of typical stellar populations either. In this picture, a supermassive star forms out of nearly pristine gas and accretes fast to push past the limits of classical stellar evolution. As long as the accretion rate stays above a critical threshold, the star remains bloated and relatively cool, giving it a red appearance even as it continues to gain mass. In theory, such a star could grow to around a million times the mass of the Sun before becoming unstable and collapsing directly into a black hole, offering a natural route to forming massive black hole seeds.

To test this, they built detailed stellar-atmosphere models and compared the resulting spectra to those observed for little red dots. They showed that, in some cases, a single supermassive star can reproduce several key features at once, including the overall luminosity, a prominent emission feature around Hβ, and a rising continuum shape. This can be done without adding extra components like complex dust geometry or an embedded active galactic nucleus. Nandal stressed that this is not a settled explanation, but a testable one. If little red dots really do host supermassive stars, they could give us a rare chance to catch these objects just before they collapse and seed supermassive black holes. | Press release

Webb Reveals Early-Universe Analog’s Unexpected Talent for Making Dust

Elizabeth Tarantino (Space Telescope Science Institute) focused on Sextans A, a nearby metal-poor dwarf galaxy used as a local analog of early galaxies, which are otherwise too distant to study in detail. Using JWST spectroscopy of a massive asymptotic giant branch star, the team found clear evidence for dust production, but not in the usual Milky Way form. The spectrum lacked the classic 10 μm silicate feature and instead pointed to iron-rich dust, showing that asymptotic giant branch stars at low metallicity can still be efficient dust producers, just with different chemistry. JWST imaging also revealed weak, clumpy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission, suggesting small dust grains survive only in protected pockets. The results show that even metal-poor galaxies can host substantial stellar and interstellar dust, reshaping how we interpret dust in the early universe. | Press release

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2025 Newton Lacy Pierce Prize Plenary: What Happens to Planets After Their Stars Die?, Andrew Vanderburg (Harvard University) (by Skylar Grayson)

Andrew Vanderburg delivered a plenary centered on using white dwarfs, the leftover cores of dead stars (and a glimpse into the future of our own sun) to study exoplanets. We’re currently entering a crucial time for exoplanet astronomy, with the number of known exoplanets rapidly increasing and sophisticated techniques and instrumentation allowing us to push to more extreme and smaller systems, including those that could host life. However, there are still many open questions around habitability, what is and is not a biosignature, and our understanding of the systems life could exist in.

His talk was focused on two core questions in exoplanet research that white dwarfs can help us answer. First up: what elements are rocky exoplanets made of? This is relevant for considerations of magnetic fields and plate tectonics, the elements available for chemical processes, and (crucially) identifying geology that could produce false positives for biosignatures. Determining the composition of rocky planets with our current tools is extremely difficult, but his group has explored using the spectra of white dwarfs to uncover planetary composition. The extreme gravity of white dwarfs makes them chemically stratified, meaning the surface is almost entirely hydrogen and a little bit of helium, offering a blank slate for spectroscopic study. Planets around a white dwarf can be tidally disrupted and torn apart, and that debris can then fall onto the surface of the white dwarf, adding interesting fingerprints to the stellar remnant’s spectrum. Vanderburg’s team has been developing new methods of generating mock spectra to compare to white dwarf observations, and they are laying the groundwork for quick analysis of upcoming spectral surveys in order to efficiently hunt for chemical signatures that could be traced back to exoplanets.

The second half of Vanderburg’s talk was focused on using dead stars to understand life. When the Sun becomes a red giant, then eventually loses its outer atmosphere and becomes a white dwarf, the solar system will completely change. The inner planets will likely be swallowed up, and planets will move around in their orbits, adjusting to the changed gravity of the much smaller white dwarf remnant. But, as he explained, just because planets are orbiting a dead star doesn’t mean they themselves are dead. White dwarfs still have a habitable zone (where liquid water could exist on a planet’s surface), but it’s very, very near to the stellar remnant, in a region where any planets would have been destroyed in the death of the progenitor star.

In a survey of thousands of white dwarfs, his group has found one with a planet at a very low orbital radius, although not quite in the habitable zone. How the planet got there is a bit of a mystery, although it likely started much farther away and traveled inward through disrupted orbits. Vanderburg’s team is also using JWST to try and directly image exoplanets at larger radii around white dwarfs, identifying many candidates that will receive follow-up observations soon to see if they are in fact a part of the white dwarf system and not just background objects. Those more distant planets, though far past the habitable zone, could provide powerful data about how planets are impacted by the death of their star, and they could have hosted or still host habitable moons.

Overall, the work presented in this plenary sets the stage for the next generation of exoplanet research. Finding planets in unique environments such as near white dwarfs, understanding the conditions under which life could be sustained, and exploring new ways to determine the composition of exoplanets will help prepare for upcoming missions like the Habitable Worlds Observatory and play a big part in the hunt for life beyond Earth.

You can also read our interview with Dr. Vanderburg here.

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Press Conference: The Milky Way and Stellar Explosions (Briefing video) (by Skylar Grayson)

Resolving Iron Doublets for Galactic Center Molecular Clouds with XRISM

XRISM (the X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission) is providing higher resolution X-ray spectroscopy than anything we’ve seen before, and it’s allowing us to study components of the universe in a whole new way. Stephen DiKerby, a researcher at Michigan State University, has been using XRISM to look at molecular clouds in the center of the Milky Way. Iron in these clouds emits X-rays, and the high spectral resolution of XRISM has allowed us to study that emission in detail. One particular line, called Fe Kɑ, was revealed with XRISM to actually be a doublet, and the redshift of the iron-emitting gas could be constrained to within 10 km/s, an unparalleled precision in X-ray spectroscopy. The XRISM results have also shed some light on where the iron emission is coming from, as the lack of certain spectral features can rule out certain emission pathways. The XRISM data prefer a process called X-ray reflection, wherein material around the supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way produced a lot of X-ray emission that travelled to the molecular cloud over the course of 100 years, eventually exciting the gas and generating the observed Fe Kɑ. In order to produce the emission observed in the molecular cloud, the supermassive black hole would have needed to be thousands of times brighter than it is today! This work highlights how novel observations, such as high-resolution spectroscopy, can be used to constrain the underlying physics of the interstellar medium. | Press release

Continued Monitoring with Chandra of Kepler’s Supernova Remnant over 25 Years

In 1604, Johannes Kepler observed a Type Ia supernova in the Milky Way — the most recently observed supernova in our galaxy. In 2000, the Chandra X-ray Observatory observed the remnant of this supernova for the first time, and in the 25 years since, it has returned several times to watch the remnant evolve. Jessye Gassel, a graduate student at George Mason University/NASA GSFC, presented the result of Chandra’s efforts: the longest movie the X-ray telescope has ever produced. This movie, which spans only 6% of the remnant’s lifetime, shows how the material has expanded, creating shockwaves as it interacts with the surrounding interstellar medium. These observations allowed Gassel and collaborators to measure the velocity of the expanding material in different regions of the remnant, which revealed that the expansion rate is significantly different in different parts. Material is traveling at 14 million miles per hour in the southern part but only 4 million miles per hour in the north. This points to very different densities in the ambient material interacting with the supernova in these regions, and highlights how long-lasting studies can be used to explore supernovae and the interstellar medium. | Press release

Where Do Stars Explode in the Interstellar Medium?

Supernovae play a major role in galaxy evolution, shaping the interstellar medium, regulating future star formation, impacting baryon cycles, and more. Understanding where supernovae happen is a key part of understanding their impacts, whether they’re embedded in dense clouds of gas and dust that they blow apart, or are located outside of dense regions and can drive winds that compress material and trigger more star formation. In order to unpack this, Sumit Sarbadhicary, a research scientist at Johns Hopkins University, has generated the first detailed census of stellar explosions in the nearby galaxy Messier 33. He looked at massive stars that are near the end of their lives (i.e., future supernovae) and compared their locations to that of atomic and molecular gas clouds as observed by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array and the Very Large Array. This has provided the first measurement of the correlation between massive stars and dense gas clouds. Overall, a majority of the stars won’t explode in dense gas regions, but the results did depend on the mass of the star. More massive stars were more likely to be in dense gas, which could have interesting implications for what types of stars shape cavities in the interstellar medium or trigger future star formation. Overall, these results will be important in the development of simulations moving forward, in order to ensure that we are accurately capturing the physics of stellar evolution and supernovae. | Press release

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Plenary Lecture: The Creating Equity in STEAM (CrEST) Experiential Learning Programs, Raja GuhaThakurta (University of California, Santa Cruz) (by Neev Shah)

Prof. Raja GuhaThakurta delivered his AAS Education Prize Plenary Lecture where he spoke about the Creating Equity in STEAM (CrEST) Experiential Learning Programs that he has helped develop over the last two decades. He started by emphasizing that in current times, when all of us are surrounded by misinformation and disinformation, it is essential to engage young people in critical thinking. He also highlights that Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion is essential for human society to reach its full potential. GuhaThakurta spoke about the three programs that are part of CrEST: Shadow the Scientists (StS), Python and Research (PyaR), and the Science Internship Program (SIP).

Shadow the Scientists (Dipping your toes in the water): GuhaThakurta mentions that StS started in November 2020, in the middle of the pandemic when many telescopes were shut down and were being operated remotely. It started at the Keck and Lick observatories, where school students participated in remote observing sessions with the help of live translations into many languages. He also recalled a particular instance where a school consisting of Israeli and Palestinian students shadowed scientists for a project, with simultaneous live translations from English to Hebrew and Arabic. Now supported by a grant from the Heising-Simons foundation, StS has expanded to include students from Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. He mentioned numerous examples of projects where students could shadow scientists in their work, with one of them being exploring the famous comet 3I/ATLAS. He also highlighted that StS has now expanded to several other telescopes such as Subaru, Gemini, Las Cumbres Observatory, CHARA, and CFHT, and is also in conversations with DESI at the Mayall Telescope and LIGO Hanford. To highlight the large impact of this program, he also mentioned that StS has also gone beyond astronomy to include many other projects in stem cell biology, ecology, and even volcanology

Python and Research (Learning swim strokes): GuhaThakurta next spoke about the PyaR, started in November 2018. This program, which runs every few months, develops free online tutorials for students to learn about research through coding and data analysis. He credited his former graduate students Claire Dorman, Emily Cunningham, and Amanda Quirk, who have contributed significantly to the development of these tutorials. It was initially started in an all girls high school in the Bay Area, but it has since expanded and has served a few thousand students since its beginning. He also highlighted that it has been adapted to create tutorials in computational biology, and will soon also have a new module to explore particle physics with the help of data collected at the Large Hadron Collider in CERN.

Science Internship Program (Taking a deep dive): Next, GuhaThakurta spoke about the first program that he started in 2009, SIP, which is a research internship for high school students. It is divided into a week-long online component, followed by 7 weeks in person, where they are mentored by UCSC researchers, which include graduate students, postdocs, research staff, and faculty members. Although originally started in astronomy, SIP has now expanded to all the academic divisions in UCSC. He mentions that high school students get the opportunity to be closely mentored on open-ended real research projects, which generally includes a carved-out piece of research being done by the mentors, and has a shallow learning curve through which mentors can also teach the students about the broader context of the work that they are doing. Although SIP originally started with just three students from one school, it has grown significantly and had 300 students last summer from across the world. Since 2009, SIP has also had students from 750 high schools. In fact, he highlighted that many students return to do SIP multiple times, and the program has had about 2,500 unique students. He also mentions that about a third of SIP students have had to overcome serious obstacles in their life, and the program strongly focuses on BIPOC, low-income, and first-generation students. He highlighted a study done by psychology researchers on the impact of SIP. They found a strong increase in students’ interest and confidence in STEM. He also mentioned that SIP is beneficial not just for the students, but also for the mentors as they gain leadership, project management, pedagogical experience and are also paid a stipend. Mentors are also able to advance their own research with the help of the students, and broaden the impact and awareness of their work to other communities

GuhaThakurta mentions that the CrEST programs have now reached many communities in the US, and also various countries in Africa, South America, Europe, and Asia. CrEST has an annual budget of three million dollars, with 72% of it coming from the fees paid by the students participating in the SIP program, 20% via philanthropic contributions from individuals, families and even corporate gifts. The remaining 8% comes from the StS grant funded by the Heising-Simons Foundation. He emphasizes that a third of SIP students are provided need-based scholarships as well.

GuhaThakurta recalls several other outreach initiatives that he is involved with, such as teaching courses to prison inmates at the SC county jail. He is also involved with a UC-wide program called COSMOS, which is a four-week research camp for high school students.

He emphasizes the need for more mentors and appeals to the AAS community to contact people involved with CrEST to learn more about the programs, as well as to host StS sessions. He also appeals to the audience to spread the word about CrEST programs to their network of researchers, and also to potential participants who may benefit from them. To increase impact, he also recommends others  to start new programs, or even modifying the existing experiential learning programs at our own home institutions.

He ended his plenary lecture by sharing a link to a document that includes his slides and many other related resources to learn more about him as well as the programs that he spoke about.

You can also read our interview with Prof. GuhaThakurta here.

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Henry Norris Russell Lecture: Finding the Most Distant Galaxies Using the James Webb Space Telescope, Marcia Rieke (University of Arizona) (by Niloofar Sharei)

This Henry Norris Russell Lecture was a mix of personal history, instrument-building, and science results. Marcia Rieke used her own career story, from early hands-on observing to leading roles on major infrared missions, to show how decades of technical progress steadily removed the practical barriers to finding the first galaxies.

She began by describing what high-redshift galaxy work looked like when she started, when infrared observations were done from the ground using single-aperture photometers. Galaxies were often not directly visible, and positions were measured by offsetting from nearby guide stars. At that time, the main motivation was cosmology rather than galaxy evolution, with the hope that distant galaxies, especially ellipticals, could act as standard candles to constrain the geometry of the universe.

She then walked us through the missions that built up the way to JWST. NICMOS marked the transition from single-pixel measurements to infrared imaging from space and revealed how powerful arrays could be. Spitzer pushed sensitivity much further, but its small mirror led to confusion-limited images. Combining Hubble and Spitzer data showed how features like the Balmer break could be identified at high redshift and revealed that extreme emission lines can strongly bias broadband colors. Another limitation was that hydrogen absorption wipes out light shortward of the Lyman break, meaning Hubble can only reach to about z ~ 10 before redshift estimates rely on a single filter.

When she turned to JWST, she explained how the mission was shaped by careful science planning and a small set of key requirements. She highlighted NIRCam’s dual role: it is used to align the telescope’s mirrors, but it is also the main camera for deep surveys searching for the most distant galaxies. The scientific payoff comes from JADES, which combines NIRCam imaging with NIRSpec spectroscopy. She described how galaxies are first identified in imaging and then confirmed with spectra. This approach led to early confirmations at redshift z ≈ 13.2, followed by sources at redshifts beyond z = 14. She noted that the field is now moving away from single record-breaking objects toward building real samples of galaxies at z > 10.

You can read our interview with Dr. Rieke here.

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Editor’s Note: This week we’re at the 247th AAS meeting in Phoenix, AZ. Along with a team of authors from Astrobites, we will be writing updates on selected events at the meeting and posting each day. Follow along here or at astrobites.com for daily summaries, or follow @astrobites.bsky.social on Bluesky for more coverage. The usual posting schedule for AAS Nova will resume on 12 January.

Table of Contents:

• Welcome Address, Dara Norman
• Fred Kavli Plenary Lecture: From Launch to Legacy: How OSIRIS-REx Changed Our Understanding of Asteroids, Daniella DellaGiustina (University of Arizona)
• Press Conference: Galaxies Big and Small
• 2025 Royal Astronomical Society Gold Medal in Astronomy Lecture: Understanding Galaxies, James Binney
• Press Conference: Stars and Their Behavior
• Plenary Lecture: The Brown Dwarf-Milky Way Connection: How Failed Stars Play a Unique Role in Galactic Archaeology, Adam Burgasser (University of California, San Diego)
• Plenary Lecture: A New Era of Planetary Astrophysics with JWST and High-Resolution Spectrographs, Björn Benneke (University of Montreal)

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Welcome Address, Dara Norman (by Lindsey Gordon)

AAS President Dara Norman opened up this year’s winter AAS meeting in Phoenix, AZ, by acknowledging what a weird year it’s been in scientific funding and politics. She thanked the community for their work with the AAS policy office in pushing for action in Congress and with their representatives to advocate for science funding. President Norman led a land acknowledgement to the Akimel O’odham and the 22 Tribal Nations in Arizona. She then ceded the stage to John Davis for a performance of two songs from local Indigenous cultures, followed by a video message from US senator and former astronaut Mark Kelly.

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Fred Kavli Plenary Lecture: From Launch to Legacy: How OSIRIS-REx Changed Our Understanding of Asteroids, Daniella DellaGiustina (University of Arizona) (by Lindsey Gordon)

Dr. DellaGiustina gave the Fred Kavli Plenary Lecture for her work on groundbreaking insights into the origins of Earth and other bodies as part of the OSIRIS-REx team. OSIRIS-REx was the first US mission to collect and return a sample from an asteroid — Bennu — and has become the OSIRIS-APEX mission, traveling to the asteroid Apophis.

This sample mission was incredibly significant because of the gap in our understanding of asteroids between telescope observations, like those from the Hubble Space Telescope, and meteorites that have gone through Earth’s atmosphere. Understanding the nature of asteroids in space is essential for understanding their formation, the early solar system, and the formation of planets including Earth. The OSIRIS-REx mission went to observe Bennu, a nearby carbon-rich asteroid, taking observations of it up close and then retrieving a sample that could be returned to Earth without contamination by that pesky Earth atmosphere.

The team was in for a surprise when the mission arrived at Bennu, which did not look like what they had expected based on their existing data. They had designed the sample retrieval expecting centimeter-scale dust grains, and instead found a much larger, rugged rocky object. In 2019, Bennu also began ejecting material from its surface, a kind of active geology no one had expected or seen on such a small asteroid before. In 2020, they found a spot in this “rubble pile” of an asteroid that they could take a sample from, and in 2023 the mission returned with 121.6 grams of material, more than twice the amount the mission had defined as a successful retrieval.

After a very careful contamination control protocol to make sure the sample stayed clean, they began analysis and the results are still forthcoming today. They found indications of rock–water interactions and an origin beyond the major snow lines of the disk. The material contains lots of pre-solar dust, with a factor of six enrichment of carbon not seen in meteorites. They found that the presence of melting ice can enable abiotic organic molecule synthesis, and a bias of left-handed chirality that suggests it might be a general property of molecules and not just a unique feature of Earth. Just this year they published their findings of ribose, a molecule used in RNA, and the first-ever discovery of glucose. They know their sample control was strong, and that these molecules aren’t just contaminants from being on Earth. This suggests that complex chemistry doesn’t require full planets or massive oceans, and molecules could have started forming in the very early solar system.

Up next: Apophis, an asteroid infamous for previously having been predicted to have an Earth-impact trajectory. We know now it’s not going to hit us in the next 100 years at least, but it is going to get super close to us (10 times closer than the Moon!), and it’s not clear what that interaction will cause for the asteroid. OSIRIS-APEX will study the asteroid after its close approach and then use its thrusters to stir up the asteroid’s surface, allowing the team to study the sub-layers of the asteroid.

You can also check out our interview with Dr. DellaGiustina here.

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Press Conference: Galaxies Big and Small (Briefing video) (by Niloofar Sharei)

This press conference highlighted how galaxies evolve across a large range of scales, from the resolved stellar populations of a nearby starburst, to rare galaxy morphologies mapped in huge surveys, to galaxies that shut down star formation early, and even a “failed galaxy” that never managed to form stars.

The Gates of Cibola: Revealing the Stellar Populations of the Starburst Galaxy, M82, with JWST 

Adam Smercina (STScI) presented a new JWST imaging survey of the nearby starburst galaxy Messier 82 (M82). M82 is forming stars at roughly 10 times the Milky Way’s total rate, but heavy dust has long made it difficult to reconstruct its detailed star formation history. With JWST’s sensitivity and resolution, the team can now resolve individual stars across the system, including about 16.5 million stars across the face of M82, enabling a much more direct, population-by-population view of when and where stars formed during the starburst.

Revealing Polar-Structure Galaxies Across Cosmic Time with DESI and Euclid

Jacob Guerrette (Brigham Young University) described “polar structure galaxies,” systems with rings, disks, or other stellar and gaseous structures oriented roughly perpendicular to the main galaxy body. Because these orthogonal structures likely arise from environmental events like mergers or accretion, building large samples is key to learning how often these interactions happen and what they do to galaxies. Earlier catalogs contained only a few hundred objects (about 150 identified in 1990, then a few hundred more in later Sloan-based work), but combining modern wide surveys produces an order-of-magnitude jump. The new DESI-based catalog and early Euclid imaging suggest that the full Euclid survey could yield thousands of strong candidates, including rarer subtypes that were previously underrepresented.

Dusty or Dead? Far-Infrared to Radio Insights into the Nature and Properties of Ultra-Massive Galaxies at z ≥ 3 

Wenjun Chang (UC Riverside) presented results from the MAGAZ3NE survey, which uses more than 30 nights of Keck/MOSFIRE spectroscopy, plus far-infrared and radio data from ALMA and the Very Large Array to study the most massive galaxies at redshifts around z ≈ 3 to 4. A central goal is to clarify whether these systems are genuinely “dead” or simply dusty and star-forming. The multi-wavelength view shows a diverse set of evolutionary states at a fixed epoch: while many ultramassive galaxies are truly quiescent, others show residual dust emission or signs of obscured star formation, and some are in intermediate phases of shutting down. You can find the related press releases here and here.

The First RELHIC? Cloud-9 Is a Starless Gas Cloud

Rachael Beaton (STScI) discussed “Cloud-9,” a compact neutral hydrogen cloud that appears to be a convincing example of a galaxy that never formed a normal stellar population. Cloud-9 was first identified in a FAST radio telescope survey as a reionization-limited H I cloud, and follow-up searches in the DESI imaging survey found no associated stellar system. Subsequent observations with the Green Bank Telescope confirmed the H I detection.  Radio observations reveal roughly a million solar masses of hydrogen, consistent with a dark matter halo of order 100 million solar masses, but deep follow-up with the Hubble Space Telescope (8 orbits) reveals at most a single candidate star, allowing the team to rule out any stellar population more massive than about 10^3.5 solar masses. Despite being near thermal equilibrium with the universe and massive enough that it should have formed stars, Cloud-9 appears to have remained starless. This makes it the most convincing observational example to date of a “failed galaxy” predicted by ΛCDM, a halo that acquired gas but never converted it into stars. You can find the press release here.

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2025 Royal Astronomical Society Gold Medal in Astronomy Lecture: Understanding Galaxies, James Binney (by Bill Smith)

James Binney’s lecture focused on methods for turning the flood of stellar measurements into a physical understanding of how galaxies work. “We are drowning in amazing data,” Binney opened. With Gaia delivering astrometry for more than a billion stars (and radial velocities for a substantial fraction), complemented by MUSE integral-field spectroscopy, ground-based surveys like RAVE and APOGEE, and missions like Kepler, Binney argues the question is no longer how to get data, it’s how to synthesize that data into models that reveal how galaxies are structured and how they came to be that way. A central point of his plenary address was the relationship between galaxy structures and galactic history, about which he said that “discussion of history is pointless until structure has been established.”

One of his core methodological messages was that modern dynamical modeling must live in phase space (x, v), not just real space. While galaxies are not strictly in equilibrium, Binney emphasized that they are near equilibrium, a crucial simplification that lets us use equilibrium models as scaffolding and then study departures by perturbing them. The goal for understanding galaxies, he said, is to synthesize the data into a self-consistent “chemo-dynamical” model in which orbits (dynamics) are labeled and weighted in concert with stellar ages and abundances (chemistry), and then gently perturbed to interpret disequilibria from bars, spirals, accretion, and galactic mergers. Binney reviewed why some familiar tools struggle in the data-rich era. N-body simulations, though powerful, he argued, are specified by uncertain initial conditions, are difficult to steer toward specific observational constraints, can be expensive to run, and often hide the “why” behind emergent structure.

Binney then advocated a methodology based on actions and angles using torus machinery, in which one computes orbital actions, which can be thought of as embeddable constants of motion, and uses them to label orbits in a way that’s physically meaningful and robust to slow evolution. To do this, however, requires using the Hamilton–Jacobi equation, which is solvable only for a few potentials. Binney advocated using torus generators, fast “plug-in replacements” that return positions and velocities for a given set of inputs, and argued that they should largely replace brute-force integration. One sticking point, however, is the inverse map (finding the action given x and v). For that, practitioners still rely on the “Stackel fudge,” a fast, approximate method Binney dubbed “cheap and cheerful.”

He then turned to what the Milky Way’s actions reveal about its formation. The local stellar sample shows that essentially all stars co-rotate with the disk. Binney stressed that more than 99% of the stars we see were born in the rotating disk from gas already moving in the same direction, consistent with a formation scenario dominated by quiescent gas accretion rather than mergers. This is a cautionary note for merger-driven narratives: in the Milky Way, at least, the bulk stellar population does not look like a debris field.

Binney’s prescription for the next decade is to build chemo-dynamical models that synthesize data into a coherent distribution function for stars and dark matter, include quiescent gas accretion and mergers as perturbations rather than starting points, and use torus-based perturbation theory to interpret disequilibria. Do this, and we will not only map structure, we will have a firm foundation for credible histories of how galaxies, including our own, were made.

You can read Astrobites’s interview with James Binney here.

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Press Conference: Stars and Their Behavior (Briefing video) (by Neev Shah)

Discovery of the Wake Caused by Siwarha — the Betelgeuse Companion

Betelguese, a red supergiant seen on the shoulder of the constellation Orion, is one of the brightest stars in the night sky. It also shows a variability in brightness over a timescale of about 6 years, called its long secondary period. Recently, a couple of papers proposed that the best explanation for its long secondary period is that Betelguese has a buddy, a faint companion orbiting it. Andrea Dupree (Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian) and collaborators presented one of the first observations that suggest that they have found evidence for a companion, Siwarha. They utilized optical and chromospheric spectra from ground based telescopes as well as the Hubble Space Telescope. They observed changes in the spectra that are characteristic of a ”wake” left by a companion within the atmosphere of Betelguese, similar to how a boat moving through water leaves a wake behind it. These observations suggest that Betelguese indeed might have a companion around it, and future observations will be crucial to confirm this discovery. Press releases: NASA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian

A Volume-Complete All-Sky Spectroscopic Census of More Than 2,100 Nearby K Dwarfs: Insights from the RKSTAR Project

K dwarfs are some of the most common stars in the Milky Way, comprising approximately 11% of all stars in the solar neighborhood. They also have long life times, which makes them an excellent tracer of abundances and star formation history in a stellar population. However, they are often neglected in exoplanet studies, and we do not know much about their intrinsic population. To mitigate this, Sebastian Carrazco-Gaxiola, a graduate student at Georgia State University, and collaborators started the RKSTAR project. They created a volume-complete sample of over 2,100 K dwarfs within 40 parsecs of the Sun. They also used several spectrographs to obtain high resolution spectra for these stars, which can be used to estimate their ages. Combining this information with Gaia astrometry, they have found that many K dwarfs are young, active and some of them are also part of young moving associations. This provides the first such complete catalog of nearby K dwarfs that will be extremely useful to study their properties and will aid in future studies exploring the habitability of exoplanets around these stars.

A Previously Unknown Binary Star System in the Eagle Nebula

Steven Cromwell and Tyler Peters, undergraduate students at San Diego State University, had just started working on a research project through the STARTastro program. Their aim was to try finding exoplanets around eclipsing binary systems. As part of this program, they were learning how to code and access public astronomical data for the first time. They started with analyzing some test data in the Eagle Nebula, home to the famous Pillars of Creation. During this, they found that one of the stars had a TESS light curve that showed periodic brightness variations, a key indicator for the system being an eclipsing binary in a ~3.5-day orbit. Interestingly, as they searched through public catalogs, they found that this star had never been categorized as a binary — they had discovered a new eclipsing binary system! Such systems are extremely useful as they provide direct measurements of the masses and radii of the stars, which can be used to calibrate stellar evolution models and to help estimate the age of the Eagle Nebula. They also highlighted that their serendipitous discovery was done using data and tools that are openly accessible to everyone, demonstrating the benefit of having such resources available to the community.

Compact Objects and the Physics of Accretion Survey (COPAS)

White dwarfs are often found to be accreting matter from companions in binary systems. The accretion processes can lead to outbursts as matter builds up in a disk around them. Such systems are called cataclysmic variables (CV) if the donor star is on the main sequence, and are called AM CVn if the donor star is also a white dwarf or a helium star. TESS, a satellite built to search for exoplanets, has a cadence of just 2 minutes, which is extremely useful in identifying systems that show outbursts. Wendy Mendoza, a graduate student at the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, and collaborators utilized transient alerts from the Zwicky Transient Facility, Gaia, and data from thousands of TESS light curves to identify CV and AM CVn systems. They found several new systems and obtained a better characterization for the known ones. In the future, they plan to expand their analysis to the rest of the vast TESS data set and conduct follow up observations of their candidates to better characterize them. They also highlight the benefit of TESS in overcoming gaps in data, which prevents misclassification and provides a unique opportunity to study outbursts in accreting white dwarfs.

Witnessing Giant Planet Formation in the Act

Disks are a natural product of the process of star formation, and are also the sites where planets form. Such disks, when viewed edge on, provide a direct view of the radial and vertical distribution of gas and dust within it. Charles Law, a NASA Sagan Fellow at the University of Virginia used ALMA to study such an edge-on system, called Gomez’s Hamburger (GoHam), due to its hamburger-like shape. GoHam is also one of the most massive disks that we know of, and has enough material to form a multi-planetary system in the future. With the help of ALMA’s extremely high resolution, they were able to set unique constraints on the size of the dust grains, and also measure the distribution of various molecules such as CO and CS. Interestingly, they also detected emission from the molecule SO on just one side of the disk. When matter in a disk collapses, it increases in temperature and density, which can change the disk chemistry, and also increase the abundance of SO, which is exactly what they find. This hints that they have found evidence for a fragment in the disk, called GoHam b. This discovery provides the first evidence for one of the earliest stages of giant planet formation. The full press release can be found here.

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Plenary Lecture: The Brown Dwarf–Milky Way Connection: How Failed Stars Play a Unique Role in Galactic Archaeology, Adam Burgasser (University of California, San Diego) (by Niloofar Sharei)

Adam Burgasser’s plenary talk focused on how brown dwarfs, objects too low in mass to sustain hydrogen fusion, can be used as powerful tracers of the Milky Way’s formation history. The big idea is that, while many classic stellar tracers tangle age and metallicity in ways that are hard to disentangle, brown dwarfs give a cleaner “evolutionary clock.”

Brown dwarfs are born hot and then cool continuously over time. Their luminosities, temperatures, and spectra change in predictable ways, so their observed properties carry direct information about age. Because they are fully convective and never undergo sustained fusion, their atmospheres retain the chemical composition of the gas from which they formed, making them valuable “chemical clocks” as well as age tracers.

Burgasser also emphasized that brown dwarfs are extremely common. Roughly one in every five objects in the Milky Way is a brown dwarf. Their wide mass range also makes them sensitive probes of dynamical processes that depend on mass, making them have a different perspective on galactic evolution than higher mass stars alone.

The main challenge, historically, has been that brown dwarfs are faint, especially for “ancient” populations far from the Galactic disk. Burgasser showed how this is now being overcome by three approaches. First, local populations can be isolated using kinematics, like proper motion cuts, with major contributions from citizen science projects such as Backyard Worlds. Second, deep surveys with JWST are pushing brown dwarf detections out to kiloparsec scales, sometimes revealing brown dwarfs misidentified at first as high-redshift galaxies. Third, globular clusters provide clean, single-age environments where the cooling of brown dwarfs can be used to constrain cluster ages and test evolutionary models.

He highlighted several examples that show the potential of this approach, including the discovery of extremely metal-poor and high-velocity brown dwarfs, JWST spectroscopy detecting phosphine in a brown dwarf atmosphere, and the first confirmed brown dwarf candidates in old globular clusters. He also underscored that interpreting these new observations depends on improving evolutionary and atmospheric models, especially at low metallicity.

You can also check out our interview with Dr. Burgasser here.

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Plenary Lecture: A New Era of Planetary Astrophysics with JWST and High-Resolution Spectrographs, Björn Benneke (University of Montreal) (by Lindsey Gordon)

Dr. Benneke’s plenary covered his work on big questions in the field of exoplanet physics and chemistry. He focused on three major questions in the field.

The first is the elemental abundances in giant planets and how they may differ from system to system. There are three big building blocks of element types: gases (H, He), refractories (Fe, Mg, Si, Ni), and ice forming / volatiles (C, O, N). Understanding the ratios of these different groups is essential for understanding the formation and evolution of the planet.

For giant planets in our own solar system, these measurements are quite hard to do. Jupiter only has 8–9 elements measured, and Uranus and Neptune are even worse because they’re colder. But with exoplanets, we have a much larger population to pick from and the ability to observe from a distance. It’s actually easier to study elemental composition when you can see the planet in the context of the light of its star through spectroscopy. His team works with JWST spectra of hot gas giants to estimate the chemical abundances in the planets, allowing them to begin to sequence and classify the planets by their abundances.

The second is understanding sub-Neptune worlds, and the ratio of the three building blocks of element types within them. We can measure the mass and the radius, but there’s a lot of degeneracy as to how that mass is split up. By using JWST to measure the atmospheres of these planets, you can get an estimate of the metallicity of the atmosphere. They found that the atmospheres were mixed gas envelopes, not stratified or layered models as many people predicted. A paper in 2015 (Soubiran & Militzer) actually predicted this, but the result went largely unnoticed until these measurements. The team also found that there’s not a clear temperature dependence for the presence of clouds in the atmospheres. Seemingly similar planets in terms of mass and radius, but with different temperatures, don’t have a clear scaling law as to how cloudy they are. This could be due to the different chemical compositions or their formation locations in their systems, and this result needs more follow-up observations and theoretical models.

Finally, he discussed the atmospheres of rocky planets. More specifically: whether or not they have them. You need a really big ratio of star to planet size to be able to see a very compact, CO₂-based atmosphere, which means we need planets around very tiny stars. The TRAPPIST-1 system is a great example of this, and JWST has studied many of the planets in this system in detail. A study of TRAPPIST-1d — likely in the habitable zone — found no evidence for a compact CO₂-based atmosphere or larger hydrogen-based atmosphere, but if there had been one they would have found it. This rules out an atmosphere similar to that of Venus, Mars, or Earth for this planet. More studies of similar targets are underway in the JWST Rocky Worlds program to get data on eclipses of favorable targets to study their atmospheres.

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This week, AAS Nova and Astrobites are attending the American Astronomical Society (AAS) winter meeting in Phoenix, AZ.

AAS Nova Editors Kerry Hensley and Susanna Kohler and AAS Media Fellow Lexi Gault will join Astrobites Media Intern Amaya Sinha along with Astrobiters Neev Shah, Drew Lapeer, Skylar Grayson, Lindsey Gordon, Bill Smith, and Niloofar Sharei to live-blog the meeting for all those who aren’t attending or can’t make it to all the sessions they’d like. We plan to cover all of the plenaries and press conferences, so follow along here on aasnova.org or on astrobites.org! You can also follow Astrobites on Bluesky at astrobites.bsky.social for more meeting content.

Where can you find us during the meeting? We’ll be at the Astrobites booth in the Exhibit Hall all week — stop by and say hello! You can also find Susanna, Kerry, and Lexi at the press conferences Monday through Thursday at 10:15 am and 2:15 pm MST. AAS press conferences are open to all attendees, and they can also be viewed on the AAS Press Office YouTube channel for anyone not attending the meeting.

Finally, you can read the currently published AAS 247 keynote speaker interviews, which were conducted by Astrobiters Neev Shah, Sowkhya Shanbhog, Sarah Stevenson, Skylar Grayson, Nathalie Korhonen Cuestas, Lindsey Gordon, Katherine Lee, and Bill Smith. Be sure to check back all week as the remainder are released!

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Education, Outreach, and More at AAS 247

AAS 247 features a broad range of sessions related to education and outreach. For a comprehensive and curated list of sessions, check out this post from AAS Education Program Manager Tom Rice. Here are a few highlights (all times MST; must be logged in to aas.org for links to work correctly):

Start things off on Monday with education-related poster sessions at 9:00–10:00 am in the Exhibit Hall, then check out The National Landscape of Undergraduate Astronomy Majors session from 2:00 to 3:30 pm (organized by the AAS Education Committee). Wrap up the day with a Reception for Astronomy Educators from 7:30 to 9:00 pm.

On Tuesday, check out a panel and discussion from the AAS Working Group on Graduate Admissions, happening from 10:00 to 11:30 am. After lunch, join the special session on Disability and Accessibility in Education/Outreach from 2:00 to 3:30 pm, or hear from notable amateur astronomers in the 2:00–3:30 Promoting Professional–Amateur Collaboration in Astronomy splinter session. Be sure not to miss the 2025 AAS Education Prize Winner’s talk, “The Creating Equity in STEAM (CrEST) Experiential Learning Programs” from 3:40 to 4:30 pm. Finally, take a break from the convention center to join the public star party that the AAS Education Committee is organizing from 3:00 to 8:00 pm; don’t forget to sign up if you want to attend or help out!

Wednesday kicks off with the Bridging AAS Outreach Efforts into the 2020s and Beyond: Eclipse Efforts, Shapley Lectures, and More splinter session from 10:00 to 11:30 am. In the afternoon, from 2:00 to 3:30 pm, check out a special session on Transforming Astronomy Classrooms: Active Learning in Practice by APS/AAS/AAPT Faculty Teaching Institute Alumni, or hear about astronomy-adjacent careers at the Beyond Academe: Exploring Astronomy-Powered Career Paths splinter session. End your day by learning about how to Get Involved with NASA Citizen Science during an iPoster session from 5:30 to 6:30 pm in the Exhibit Hall.

Finally, on Thursday, the 9:00–10:00 am poster session in the Exhibit Hall will feature a number of education-related sessions. Immediately following the poster session is the Non-Federal Funding Mechanisms for Undergraduate Research Programs special session, organized by the AAS Education Committee.

And remember, you can find a longer curated list of education-related sessions here!

Editor’s Note: This week we’re at the 246th AAS meeting in Anchorage, AK, and online. Along with a team of authors from Astrobites, we will be writing updates on selected events at the meeting and posting each day. Follow along here or at astrobites.com for daily summaries, or follow @astrobites.bsky.social on Bluesky for more coverage. The usual posting schedule for AAS Nova will resume on June 16th.

Table of Contents:

• Solar Physics Division Plenary: Karen Harvey Prize Lecture: Building Connections in Heliophysics with Surface Flux Transport Modeling, Lisa Upton
• Public Policy Plenary: The Current Landscape for Science Policy and How YOU Can Make a Difference

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Solar Physics Division Plenary: Karen Harvey Prize Lecture: Building Connections in Heliophysics with Surface Flux Transport Modeling, Lisa Upton (by Kerry Hensley)

The 2025 Karen Harvey Prize, “awarded in recognition of a significant contribution to the study of the Sun early in a person’s professional career,” went to Lisa Upton (Southwest Research Institute) for her work on large-scale solar flows and magnetic flux transport. Upton began by honoring Karen Harvey, with whom she shares many scientific interests. Harvey’s interest in solar physics began as a teenager observing sunspots with a small telescope, which led to her first scientific paper. She is remembered for her service to the solar physics community, her spirit of collaboration, and her education and public outreach efforts.

Upton began by studying coronal loops — arches of plasma confined by magnetic fields and suspended within the Sun’s outer atmosphere, or corona — before transitioning to her current work on the solar activity cycle. The Sun’s 11-year activity cycle, which manifests as periodic changes in the frequency of sunspots, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections, is intimately related to the Sun’s complex magnetic field. The Sun’s interior acts like a fluid, allowing the magnetic field to be frozen into the plasma, meaning that the motion and evolution of the magnetic field is largely dictated by the behavior of the plasma. As Upton noted, this is unlike anything we see on Earth.

How the Sun’s magnetic field explains the existence of the solar cycle is described by the Babcock dynamo model. In this model, the differential rotation of the Sun — the faster rotation of the Sun at its equator than at its poles — stretches the submerged magnetic field and makes it stronger. The field then becomes buoyant and causes sunspots to emerge at the Sun’s surface. The turbulent convective motion of the Sun that cycles material from the interior to the surface causes the surface magnetic flux to spread out, eventually being transported to the poles, where it cancels out the old magnetic field and creates a new field pointing in the opposite direction. This starts the solar cycle anew.

Upton described her research, which has covered a remarkably broad range of topics within solar physics. For example, she has studied large-scale flows, leading to the discovery of the long-sought-after giant cells. She also described her work on surface flux transport modeling, simulating the emergence and decay of magnetic flux through the solar surface. By incorporating observations of extreme-ultraviolet light from the far side of the Sun, Upton and collaborators greatly improved models of solar active regions emerging on the far side. More recently, Upton has been working to connect phenomena on the solar surface to the solar corona and beyond, working to predict the appearance of the solar corona during a solar eclipse, among other projects. She has also worked to generate realistic synthetic solar active regions, enabling both predictions of active region behavior as well as historical reproductions of the Sun’s appearance going back 200 years. Looking forward, she hopes to extend her research to the study of activity on other stars, where we see starspots far larger than anything on the Sun.

To close, Upton emphasized the need to remain united, support each other, and advocate for science as we navigate the challenging conditions in the world today.

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Public Policy Plenary: The Current Landscape for Science Policy and How YOU Can Make a Difference (by Lucas Brown)

To finish out a wonderful week at AAS 246, we heard from a panel of AAS leadership and participants in the recent AAS Congressional Visits Day on ways to make a difference in today’s current science policy landscape. First, we heard from AAS Deputy Chief Executive Officer and Director of External Affairs and Public Policy Joel Parriott, who provided an overview of what AAS’s stated science policy priorities are — focusing on the Society’s top priority of addressing the significant global issues that affect astronomy. A common theme that echoed throughout the plenary was that the advancement of these goals requires the advocacy and voices of as many people as possible.

Next, AAS Deputy Director of Public Policy Roohi Dalal spoke about the current state of science policy — from the large amount of proposed budget cuts we have seen come from the federal government over the past six months to the actions of the AAS in advocating for funding astronomy research. Specifically, AAS launched a “share your story” campaign to highlight the human impact of these cuts and has interfaced directly with representatives and their staff through initiatives like Congressional Visits Day. Dalal’s talk once again returned to the idea that the AAS needs everyone’s voice to make change.

AAS President Dara Norman then took the stage to explain in greater detail what actions people can take in supporting the policy goals of the Society and astronomy more broadly. Her top recommendation was to pay attention to AAS action alerts, which provide detailed instructions as to what actions will have the most impact at any given moment. Right now one of those top actions is to get in contact with local elected officials either via email, phone, or through an in-person meeting.

After Norman’s speech, the plenary transformed into a panel discussion featuring Lori Porter from Columbia University, Becka Phillipson from Villanova University, and Marcel Agüeros also from Columbia University, all of whom participated in this year’s Congressional Visits Day program. They spoke about the real impact that these sort of one-on-one visits with congressional staff or representatives can have, and shared tips on how to approach communicating effectively during such a visit. Their words of advice once again underscored the power of people’s voices in ensuring the future of astronomy remains bright.

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Editor’s Note: This week we’re at the 246th AAS meeting in Anchorage, AK, and online. Along with a team of authors from Astrobites, we will be writing updates on selected events at the meeting and posting each day. Follow along here or at astrobites.com for daily summaries, or follow @astrobites.bsky.social on Bluesky for more coverage. The usual posting schedule for AAS Nova will resume on June 16th.

Table of Contents:

• • Plenary Lecture: The Hubble Space Telescope at 35: Eyeing the Future, Jennifer Wiseman (Goddard Space Flight Center)
  • Press Conference: Recent and Upcoming Discoveries in the Broader Universe
  • Plenary Lecture: Advancing Exoplanet Characterization: Five Years of High-Resolution Spectroscopy with KPIC, Dimitri Mawet (California Institute of Technology)
  • Donald E. Osterbrock Book Prize Lecture: Where Are We? How Past Astronomers Found Their Place in the Universe — and on Earth, Seb Falk (University of Cambridge)
  • Plenary Lecture: Things in Disks: Towards a New Understanding of Galactic Nuclei, K.E. Saavik Ford (CUNY Borough of Manhattan Community College/American Museum of Natural History)

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Plenary Lecture: The Hubble Space Telescope at 35: Eyeing the Future, Jennifer Wiseman (Goddard Space Flight Center) (by Margaret Verrico)

Wednesday started bright and early with a plenary talk by Hubble Space Telescope Senior Project Scientist Jennifer Wiseman. AAS Vice President Grant Tremblay opened the talk with a story about seeing comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 impact the planet Jupiter on the news, an event that was imaged with Hubble and that he said influenced his decision to pursue astronomy. It was an appropriate anecdote to start the celebration of Hubble’s 35th year in orbit, which Dr. Wiseman credited with opening many new worlds in astronomy.

Dr. Wiseman began by describing how our science community has been transformed by Hubble’s impact. She highlighted Hubble’s multiple science instruments and ultraviolet–optical capabilities, which cover a crucial part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is not covered by other flagship observatories like JWST. She described the evolution of Hubble, from the first description of a space telescope by Dr. Lyman Spitzer in 1946 to its announcement by Nancy Grace Roman in 1977 and eventually its launch on the space shuttle in 1990. Its key science drivers originally included measurements of the expansion rate of the universe, understanding how galaxies have evolved throughout the history of the universe, determining whether supermassive black holes really exist at the centers of massive galaxies (only a theory at the time of launch), and studying planets in our solar system. Over the past 35 years, Hubble’s ~1.7 million observations of over 100 million objects have revolutionized our understanding of the solar system, star formation, and the evolution of the universe, leading to the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe, confirmation of the existence of supermassive black holes, and an understanding of a dynamic and evolving solar system.

Dr. Wiseman described how Hubble is a crucial part of the suite of Great Observatories in operation today. She emphasized its importance as a follow-up telescope for transient events like supernovae, its decades-long archive for long-term monitoring of solar system planet atmospheres, and its ultraviolet coverage that complements the infrared range of JWST. She promoted new support services for Hubble data, including the Hubble Spectroscopic Legacy Archive (HSLA) — a publicly available database of archival Hubble spectra — and the upcoming Hubble Advanced Spectral Products (HASP) database, which will be public later this summer. Dr. Wiseman cited Hubble’s continually improving user support and data archives as a crucial piece of the observatory’s future while warning that continued budget cuts have impacted their ability to fund new research and threaten the facility’s ability to support new science through the end of the 2020s.

Dr. Wiseman closed with a hope that the audience would leave her talk and the AAS meeting inspired to join the celebration of Hubble’s 35 years of discoveries. She expressed excitement for the new discoveries that will be enabled by Hubble through the early 2030s and its essential part in the suite of Great Observatories over the next half decade.

Read an interview with Jennifer Wiseman here.

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Press Conference: Recent and Upcoming Discoveries in the Broader Universe (by Lucas Brown) (Briefing video)

In our final press conference of AAS 246, we heard five talks unveiling new insights into galaxies, reionization, and the universe at large. The first of these talks was given by Harrison Souchereau of Yale University, titled “Inner Tail Gas Asymmetries and Fallback in a Jellyfish Galaxy.” Jellyfish galaxies are a type of galaxy with star-forming tails of gas that trail behind the main disk. These tails are formed as a result of external pressures caused by the galaxy moving through a gas-dense medium like the space within a galaxy cluster. Souchereau’s team observed one such galaxy—NGC 4858—with the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) radio telescope to map out not just the positions, but the velocity of gas in these tails. In doing so, they found that not only was the gas distribution asymmetric, but the gas appeared to be falling back in towards the galaxy. The team believes this shows that the gas was preferentially stripped from one side of the galaxy due to the direction of its rotation, and that the gas has since collected on the other side of the galaxy while beginning to fall back inwards. The full press release can be found here.

Next, in “In the Belly of the Beast: Massive Clump Formation in the Hearts of Major Mergers,” we heard from Sean Linden of University of Arizona about new insights from JWST into the dense star-forming clumps found in many major galaxy mergers. These clumps are unlike anything seen in typical, non-merging galaxies in the universe today, and they’re thought to be the “building blocks” of galaxies in the early universe. Thanks to the space telescope’s increased resolution and sensitivity to infrared light, it has been able to peer through the obscuring dust found within some of the universe’s biggest mergers to identify the presence and characteristics of such clumps. These new observations confirm many predictions about clump formation made in prior simulations. The full press release can be found here.

Third, we were briefed on “UNCOVERing the Drivers of Reionization with JWST” from Isak Wold of NASA and The Catholic University of America. Reionization was a period of a few hundred million years in the very early universe wherein the neutral hydrogen that permeated the cosmos at the time was nearly completely ionized. The exact origin of the necessary radiation to set off this reionization has long been a source of speculation. In Wold’s talk, new evidence was presented advancing the idea that a class of young, star-forming, and oxygen-III-emitting galaxies could completely source this ionizing ultraviolet light. Wold’s team draws on new JWST observations of such galaxies, which indicate that the galaxies are numerous, largely dust-free and metal-poor, and indeed emit abundant ultraviolet light—all the ingredients needed for a strong candidate to explain the epoch of reionization. The full press release can be found here.

Fourth, in “The ‘Dark-Matter Dominated’ Galaxy Segue 1 Modeled with a Black Hole and No Dark Halo” presented by Nathaniel Lujan of The University of Texas San Antonio, we heard about a new model for the structure of the dwarf galaxy known as Segue 1. Previous observations of the galaxy, which has few stars but a large amount of mass, suggested that the galaxy contains a large amount of dark matter. In order to derive the new model, Lujan and his collaborators compared observations of stellar motion against a set of 100,000 simulations of stellar motion given different underlying parameters describing the distribution of mass in the galaxy. The team found that a model including a central black hole with the mass of 500,000 suns and only minimal dark matter fits better than a dark matter–dominated model, challenging previous assumptions about the system, the prevalence of dark matter in dwarf galaxies, and the abundance of supermassive black holes in our universe. The full press release can be found here.

And finally, in our very last press briefing of AAS 246, we heard from Caltech’s Phillip Korngut on “First Light with the SPHEREx Observatory.” This briefing provided an update on the status of NASA’s newest space observatory, the Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization and Ices Explorer (SPHEREx), which aims to take detailed infrared spectra of millions of galaxies and other astrophysical systems over the course of the next few years. The mission will accomplish this by scanning the entire sky with linear variable filters placed above the camera’s sensor, which essentially causes each row of each image to be sensitive to different wavelengths of light. By slowing panning over areas of the sky, this allows each pixel of an image to eventually be characterized spectroscopically. We were able to view the very first images taken by SPHEREx, as well as compilations of imagery that demonstrate the mission’s unique ability to observe objects like the nebula NGC 1760 across a wide variety of wavelengths. Data products from the mission are expected to go public in early July.

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Plenary Lecture: Advancing Exoplanet Characterization: Five Years of High-Resolution Spectroscopy with KPIC, Dimitri Mawet (California Institute of Technology) (by Margaret Verrico)

The next plenary lecture was given by Professor Dimitri Mawet, the David Morrisroe Professor of Astronomy at Caltech and a Senior Research Scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Professor Mawet talked about the importance of ground-based observatories and high-resolution spectroscopy for exoplanet science.

Professor Mawet began with an overview of exoplanet science in the 21st century. The primary science goals in exoplanet research are understanding exoplanet demographics and diversity, learning how exoplanets form and evolve, and finding evidence of habitability and even life. More than 6,000 exoplanets have now been detected, but the vast majority have never been observed spectroscopically, which is crucial for characterizing their atmospheres, spins, orbital parameters, and weather. High-resolution spectroscopy in particular is crucial for measuring these properties, as it allows for the separation of exoplanet spectral features from the properties of the host star or Earth’s atmosphere. To that end, Professor Mawet helped develop the Keck Planet Imager and Characterizer (KPIC), a high-resolution spectrometer optimized for exoplanet science. KPIC has led to the detection of more than 30 exoplanets and brown dwarfs and several exciting discoveries.

Professor Mawet highlighted several works by his students on KPIC exoplanets. Mawet’s student Jason Wang directly imaged HR 8977, a four-planet system, and obtained spin measurements for all four planets, which can be used to study the relationship between the planets and their magnetic fields. Another one of his students, Chih-Chun (Dino) Hsu, will be giving a talk later today on the differences in the spin properties between giant planets and brown dwarfs. Using KPIC’s high-resolution spectrometer, Professor Mawet’s group has made groundbreaking discoveries in exoplanet formation science, paving the way for future work with ground-based and space-based observatories.

To wrap up the talk, Professor Mawet talked about the future of ground-based exoplanet science with the High resolution Infrared Spectrograph for Exoplanet Characterization (HISPEC) and Multi-Objective Diffraction-limited High-resolution Infrared Spectrograph (MODHIS). In particular, HISPEC is expected to nearly double the number of directly imaged planets and brown dwarfs when it comes online in 2027.

Read an interview with Dimitri Mawet here.

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Donald E. Osterbrock Book Prize Lecture: Where Are We? How Past Astronomers Found Their Place in the Universe — and on Earth, Seb Falk (University of Cambridge) (by Olivia Cooper)

In the afternoon, we heard from University of Cambridge historian Seb Falk, author of the book “The Light Ages: The Surprising Story of Medieval Science”. In his plenary (see Figure 1), Falk shared how our understanding of the Universe has evolved over the past several centuries, with a particular focus on the science of the middle ages. Before the existence of telescopes, astronomers were watching the skies and charting the motions of the stars and planets to incredible accuracy, even demonstrating that Earth is a sphere and calculating its size to within a few percent. In his book, Falk focuses on the journey of a 14th-century monk who navigated by the night sky, developed mathematical techniques to track the motions of the solar system, and kept time by the stars. Across the globe, in all regions and cultures, astronomy has been used in both tangible and esoteric ways, from ship navigation to interpretation of faith. Yet all of these pursuits are ultimately centered on understanding our position and direction as we move through the universe.

Throughout the talk, Falk shared a handful of lessons he has taken from the history of astronomy, about how to do astronomy in a changing world. First, everyone has a contribution to make: there are countless unknown, unnamed, historically-unrecognized people taking measurements, developing knowledge, and constructing instruments. Next, motivations matter, for better or worse. Our motivations for doing science (and for the way we conduct science) can provide momentum, and can also create biases and limit our scientific understanding. Further, astronomy is never pointless: though our work often seems abstract, the implications are quite grounded, and have led to the development of mathematical techniques, new technologies, art, storytelling, and more. Regarding the practice of astronomy, Falk reminds us that it is most impactful through physical experience, when we contextualize the act of doing astronomy by the experience of looking at the night sky. Upon these experiences, he notes that modeling matters; how we encode, distill, and distribute knowledge in turn impacts our collective interpretation of the cosmos.

Towards the end of the talk, Falk remarked that the pre-modern world was a time of amazing creativity, teamwork, patience, and interdisciplinarity. Although there were certainly misconceptions about the Universe and our place in it, he notes the importance of giving dead ends and disappointments a chance to pan out, and reminds us to persevere through times of political unrest and threat to scientific pursuit, as did astronomers of the past worldwide.

Read an interview with Seb Falk here.

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Plenary Lecture: Things in Disks: Towards a New Understanding of Galactic Nuclei, K.E. Saavik Ford (CUNY Borough of Manhattan Community College/American Museum of Natural History) (by Margaret Verrico)

The final plenary of the day was given by K.E. Saavik Ford, a Professor in the Science Department at CUNY Borough of Manhattan Community College, Professor of Physics at the CUNY Graduate Center, research associate at the American Museum of Natural History, and a visiting scientist at the Flatiron Institute’s Center for Computational Astrophysics. She discussed her work understanding “things in disks,” particularly stellar- and intermediate-mass black holes in active galactic nucleus disks.

Professor Ford opened with an image of the orbits of stars around the Milky Way’s central supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A*. Most of these stars are Type B, meaning there was once a population of O-type stars that have since gone supernova and left behind black holes and neutron stars. She argued that this should also be true around actively accreting supermassive black holes (active galactic nuclei, or AGN), meaning these stars and stellar remnants should be interacting with the AGN disk. These interactions will eventually have enough drag to bring those stars and their remnants into a coplanar orbit inside the AGN disk and can contribute to the formation of black hole binaries. In fact, Professor Ford argues that AGN may be a dominant formation pathway for black holes over 50 solar masses, which should not be able to form from supernovae of isolated stars. These objects have been observed as the progenitors of black hole mergers with LIGO, so their formation channels are an important piece of the gravitational wave puzzle.

Professor Ford spent most of her talk advertising McFACTS, a Monte Carlo simulation code for stellar-mass black holes embedded in AGN disks. She highlighted a few results from collaborators and students who have used the code, including her student Vera Delfavero’s modeling of the supermassive black hole mass peak at 10⁸ solar masses (ADS link here) and predictions by Harrison Cook for the gravitational wave signatures of the AGN channel (ADS link here). She also discussed ongoing and future work to improve the software’s ability to model stars, electromagnetic signatures of black hole mergers in AGN disks, and transient events like tidal disruption events, changing-look AGN, and quasi-periodic eruptions that might result from those mergers.

Professor Ford closed out the talk with several pieces of advice. She advised working with kind people and being kind in return. She reminded the audience to control what they could control and to work sustainably. She emphasized the importance of doing research, building community, having hobbies, having a plan B, and wearing sunscreen. To close out today’s series of talks, she remarked that no one knows what the future holds, whether for good or for bad.

Read an interview with Saavik Ford here.

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Editor’s Note: This week we’re at the 246th AAS meeting in Anchorage, AK, and online. Along with a team of authors from Astrobites, we will be writing updates on selected events at the meeting and posting each day. Follow along here or at astrobites.com for daily summaries, or follow @astrobites.bsky.social on Bluesky for more coverage. The usual posting schedule for AAS Nova will resume on June 16th.

Table of Contents:

• Laboratory Astrophysics Division Plenary Lecture: Icy Ocean Worlds, Europa Clipper, and the Search for a Second Genesis, William McKinnon (Washington University in St. Louis)
• Press Conference: Planets, Exoplanets, and Brown Dwarfs
• Plenary Lecture: The Missing Link: Planet Formation from Millions to Billions of Years, Meredith Hughes (Wesleyan University)
• Press Conference: New Views and Insights into the Sun and Its Surroundings
• Plenary Lecture: Exoplanets in Multi-Star Systems, David Ciardi (NASA Exoplanet Science Institute-Caltech-IPAC)
• Plenary Lecture: Unraveling AGN Feeding and Feedback: JWST, ALMA, and Integral Field Spectrometers to the Rescue, Erin Hicks (University of Alaska Anchorage)
• SPD Plenary: González Hernández Prize Lecture: Solar Connections: Reflecting and Leaning Forward, Holly R. Gilbert High Altitude Observatory/NCAR

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Laboratory Astrophysics Division Plenary Lecture: Icy Ocean Worlds, Europa Clipper, and the Search for a Second Genesis, William McKinnon (Washington University in St. Louis) (by Karthik Yadavalli)

In this talk, Dr. William McKinnon gave a detailed overview of the Europa Clipper mission and the science that is expected from this mission. The mission will fly by Europa, a moon of Jupiter. Dr. McKinnon started by comparing the Europa Clipper mission to the Cassini mission. The Cassini mission flew by Saturn during 2004–2017, learning about both Saturn and its many moons.

Europa is somewhat like a “smaller Earth,” with a large ocean and a cooler (~100 Kelvin) surface. JWST has found solid carbon dioxide on its surface. The clipper is meant to be a comprehensive mission that studies the ice, composition of the moon, and geology of the moon. Europa is expected to have many of the ingredients for life:

1. Water: Europa has much more water than all of Earth’s oceans
2. Essential elements: Elements like hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen would have been present from formation and were likely also added to Europa from impacts and collisions
3. Chemical energy: Though the surface is likely too cold for life, there would be sources of energy both from Jupiter’s emission and from deep-sea vents.

Because Europa Clipper is meant to study many aspects of the physics of Europa, it has many instruments, as seen in Figure 1.

Dr. McKinnon then went on to describe the Clipper mission in detail. It launched in October 2024 and will enter Jupiter orbit in early 2031. During that period, it will orbit around Jupiter for several years. The Clipper already has flown past Mars and taken a thermal image of the surface of Mars (see Figure 2).

Dr. McKinnon also emphasized that at least two other missions will overlap with the Clipper while in Jupiter’s orbit. Both Juice, a European Space Agency mission, and Tianwen-4, a Chinese mission, will overlap in Jupiter orbit, potentially allowing for synergies in science.

Dr. McKinnon finished by emphasizing that planned future exploration of the Jupiter systems is going to be very exciting. Three of Jupiter’s moons, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, will in particular be well-studied by the three planned missions.

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Press Conference: Planets, Exoplanets, and Brown Dwarfs (by Lexi Gault) (Briefing video)

Revealing the Classical Uranian Satellites in Ultraviolet — Christian Soto (Space Telescope Science Institute)

With the Hubble Space Telescope, Christian Soto and collaborators obtained ultraviolet spectroscopy of four moons of Uranus — Ariel, Titania, Umbriel, and Oberon — to investigate how Uranus’s magnetosphere affects the surfaces of the moons. This system is particularly interesting to study because Uranus’s axis of rotation is tilted 98 degrees from the plane in which its moons orbit. This extreme tilt causes the magnetic field lines to sweep past the moons frequently, causing charged particles moving along the field lines to interact with the moons. Soto and team hypothesized that since these four moons are tidally locked, meaning that one side of the moon always faces Uranus (“leading” side) and the other always faces away (“trailing” side), interactions with the charged particles trapped in the magnetosphere would primarily hit the trailing sides, causing them to darken. However, their observations revealed that the leading sides of the two outer moons, Titania and Oberon, show evidence of darkening — the opposite of their hypothesis. Instead, the group suggests that dust from irregular satellites orbiting Uranus is hitting the leading sides of these moons, causing them to darken, and interactions with the magnetosphere are actually less influential than previously thought. Upcoming JWST observations of the system will help us to further understand this interesting result. The full press release can be found here.

Off-Polar Hint: Hottest-Star Sub-Saturn Obliquity — Emma Dugan (Indiana University)

The planets in our solar system orbit the Sun in the same direction that it spins, however, in many exoplanet systems, this is not always the case. In particular, Jupiter-mass planets orbiting hot stars tend to be misaligned, while Jupiters around cooler stars tend to be more well aligned. However, recent observations show that smaller sub-Saturn-type planets can be misaligned around cool stars, often with polar orbits — but few observations exist for sub-Saturns around hot stars, limiting our understanding of sub-Saturn formation. Aiming to add to the picture, Emma Dugan and collaborators investigated the spin–orbit alignment of the sub-Saturn TOI-1135 b, which orbits the hottest star with such measurements to date. Using observations obtained with NEID on the WIYN 3.5-meter telescope, the team found that TOI-1135 b has a near-polar orbit, unlike the polar orbits of sub-Saturns around cooler stars. This observation suggests that sub-Saturns orbiting cooler stars may be more misaligned than sub-Saturns orbiting hot stars, the opposite of what is observed for Jupiter-mass planets. Further observations of sub-Saturns will aid in filling out this dataset and understanding the formation mechanism governing sub-Saturns.

JWST Coronagraphic Images of 14 Her c: a Cold Giant Planet in a Dynamically Hot, Multi-Planet System — William Balmer (Johns Hopkins University) & Mark Giovinazzi (Amherst College)

When studying exoplanets, astronomers want to understand how planetary systems form and evolve over time. One of the best ways to understand and characterize exoplanets is through directly imaging them, but this is a difficult task when these planets, especially cold ones, are so faint next to their host stars, hidden within the overpowering bright stellar light. However, with JWST’s great sensitivity to longer wavelengths where cold planets appear brighter, direct imaging becomes a possibility. William Balmer and Mark Giovinazzi presented the first JWST direct image of the cold giant planet 14 Her c, which was one of two planets previously detected through radial velocity measurements of the system. Their observations reveal that 14 Her c was fainter than anticipated based on modeling, which is likely due to updrafts and water-ice clouds in its atmosphere. Additionally, the team refit the orbits of the two planets and determined that 14 Her c was likely scattered out to its current, far-out orbit due to dynamics and interactions with the other planet in the system. See the full press release here.

Detailed JWST Observations of a Multi-Planet System Around a Sun-Like Star — Kielan Hoch (Space Telescope Science Institute)

YSES-1 is an exoplanetary system with multiple planets orbiting a young Sun-like star, only ~16 million years old, that was originally directly imaged in the Young Suns Exoplanet Survey. This system is interesting because it has two planets that are both orbiting very far from the central star — YSES-1 b at 160 times the distance of Earth to the Sun and YSES-1 c at 320 times the distance of Earth to the Sun. With the launch of JWST, Kielan Hoch and her collaborators wanted to directly image these planets again with the high-resolution spectroscopy and imaging of JWST. From their observations, the team was able to detect different molecules in the atmospheres of the two planets. For YSES-1 c, the spectra show evidence of silicate clouds in its atmosphere, demonstrating the strongest absorption feature observed in an exoplanet to date. For YSES-1 b, the team observed a disk around the planet that is likely material that will feed onto the planet. However, such disk-like features are typically only present for planets younger than YSES-1 b, so the team suggests that this may be a second-generation disk of material that is involved in forming a moon. Further observations and modeling will reveal more information and clues into the formation history of these planets. See the full press release here.

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Plenary Lecture: The Missing Link: Planet Formation from Millions to Billions of Years, Meredith Hughes (Wesleyan University) (by Karthik Yadavalli)

In her talk, Dr. Meredith Hughes (Wesleyan University) presented results from the ALMA survey to resolve exoKuiper belt structure (ARKS). She started by emphasizing how rapidly the field of exoplanet observations has evolved in the past two decades, and that we now know that on average every star in the galaxy likely has at least one planet. As such, it is now possible to ask detailed questions about how planets are formed around stars. When a star forms from a large dust cloud, a protoplanetary disk also forms alongside it. Planets will eventually form in this disk. Protoplanetary disks only last about ~10 million years after the star forms, whereas the planets we detect are expected to have ages of ~billions of years. As such, the evolution stages in between the protoplanetary disk and the full-fledged planet have not been observationally mapped out.

Dr. Hughes focuses on trying to find systems that are in between these two stages. With ALMA, Dr. Hughes has been able to take very detailed images of the “debris disk,” the intermediate stage between the protoplanetary disk and fully formed planets. The solar system’s Kuiper Belt is the analog of a debris disk. ALMA is now sensitive enough to take detailed images of debris disks. In particular, the ARKS survey has obtained 18 new high-resolution observations of previously not observed debris disks.

Dr. Hughes went into detail about three findings about the debris disks from the ARKS survey: 1) finding substructure, 2) studying the vertical extent of debris disks (see Figure 1), and 3) finding gas content in the debris disks. With the increased sensitivity of the ARKS survey, much more substructure of debris disks is visible. Sensitivity to substructure allows for detailed study specifically of planet-disk interactions. Studying the vertical extent of debris disks allows for better constraints on the mass of the observed planet.

Dr. Hughes concluded by briefly describing the institution at which she works, Wesleyan University. Wesleyan is primarily an undergraduate institution and therefore the research at the university is primarily done by younger students rather than by postdocs and PhD students. It also offers a path to an astronomy PhD for nontraditional students, including those who have not started their academic careers in astronomy (see Figure 2).

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Press Conference: New Views and Insights into the Sun and Its Surroundings (by Lucas Brown) (Briefing video)

Our second press conference of Day 2 was all about the Sun — from the dynamics right at its surface to the solar corona and all the way out into deep interplanetary space. First up, we heard “Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere (PUNCH): Mission Overview and First Light” from Craig DeForest of the Southwest Research Institute. This briefing provided updates on the PUNCH mission which launched in March of this year. DeForest described the mission as providing a look at “space weather like you’ve never seen before,” referring to the mission’s unique capability of observing the corona and solar wind across a whopping 90-degree field of view. The mission accomplishes this by pulling from data across four satellites evenly spaced throughout a polar orbit oriented to enable constant views of the Sun. While the mission is still in the commissioning phase and the satellites have not reached their final configuration, DeForest was able to show some amazing preliminary video footage compiled from the satellites for the very first time. The video demonstrated the mission’s ability to track solar coronal behavior from very close to the Sun all the way out to Earth — and to produce some incredible footage of space weather like no one has ever seen before! The full press release can be found here.

Second, in “The Coronal Diagnostic Experiment (CODEX): First Light,” Nicholeen Viall of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center presented on another new solar physics experiment that has recently been initiated. Whereas PUNCH focused on achieving a wide field of view of the Sun, Viall explained that CODEX is all about getting up close and personal with the dynamics of the corona closer to the solar surface. The experiment is mounted on the International Space Station and uses occulting disks to create an artificial eclipse, blocking out light from the disk of the Sun in order to view the corona. CODEX features numerous innovative technologies that allow it to measure temperatures and velocities of coronal material better than previous experiments, which will hopefully improve our understanding of the intricate dynamics and flow of energy that occurs within the solar corona. The full press release can be found here.

Third, we heard a briefing on “Cracking the Solar Code: Hybrid Machine Learning for Predicting Hemispheric Bursts and Cycle Trends,” given by Juie Shetye of New Mexico State University & Armagh Observatory and Planetarium and Mausumi Dikpati of High Altitude Observatory/NSF-NCAR. Their work focuses on trying to employ mathematical modeling, statistics, and machine-learning methods to better predict individual “bursts” of solar activity. Whereas solar cycles are periodic and fairly predictable, understanding when solar activity is going to suddenly rise on short timescales to produce things like coronal mass ejections is very difficult. Their team hopes that through synthesizing physics-informed models and advanced machine learning techniques, they can improve our ability to predict these events and therefore minimize the damage they cause here on Earth.

Continuing the theme of predicting solar behavior, our final presentation of the day was “A Near-Real-Time Data-Assimilative Model of the Solar Corona,” given by Jon Linker of Predictive Science Inc. Linker spoke about the work his team has been doing to work towards solar corona models that are informed by near real-time solar observations. They used custom magnetohydrodynamics code which, informed by real measurements of the Sun’s magnetic field, can model the behavior of magnetic field lines in different regions of the Sun and subsequently predict the general structure of the corona and its evolution through time. The team demonstrated their model’s capabilities by running it with real-time input for 32 days leading up to the April 2024 total solar eclipse and showing that they were indeed able to predict many of the overall features of the corona during totality. Linker hopes that this sort of modeling will become more common, mirroring how weather prediction on Earth relies on real-time data inputs from satellites.

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Plenary Lecture: Exoplanets in Multi-Star Systems, David Ciardi (NASA Exoplanet Science Institute-Caltech-IPAC) (by Kerry Hensley)

The first of three back-to-back plenary sessions was given by David Ciardi, the deputy director of the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. Ciardi described what we’ve learned about the properties of planets in multi-star systems and compared them to single-star systems.

Though our solar system contains only one star, many stars have companions: essentially all stars with spectral types O, B, and A have companions, as do 50% of F, G, and K stars and 25% of M stars. On average, every star also has a planet, which means that a rather large number of planets must occupy systems with more than one star.

As Ciardi explained, the presence of stellar companions affects how we detect and characterize planets. Many exoplanets are discovered via the transit method, in which a planet blocks some of the light from its host star as seen from our perspective. If the host star has an unknown companion, the planet radius derived from the transit method can be underestimated by a factor of two or more — and the planet might even orbit the unseen star instead of the star that’s being studied!

Using transit fitting, researchers have developed ways to determine which star in a binary or multiple system a planet is orbiting. These methods suggest that most planets orbit the primary star in the system. This is likely a result of observational bias, because primary stars are typically brighter, and it’s easier to detect a planet around a brighter star. However, a nonzero fraction of planets have been found to orbit the secondary stars of their systems, with more waiting to be found.

In terms of how binarity affects the likelihood of a star hosting planets, studies have shown that roughly 20% of single stars host giant planets, compared to just 10–12% of binary stars. However, wide binaries (orbital separations greater than 100 au) host giant planets at essentially the same rate as single stars, while close binaries host giant planets at a greatly reduced rate. In contrast, research suggests that wide and close binaries might host small planets at approximately the same rate.

Researchers have also discovered a small but growing number of planets in extremely close binary systems that are orbiting both stars at once. Estimates suggest that 10–40% of close binaries might have circumbinary planets, but this number is still uncertain. Recent findings suggest that essentially all of these systems are aligned, with the orbit of the planet in the same plane as the orbits of the stars.

Finally, Ciardi noted that while finding small planets is already difficult, the presence of a stellar companion makes it even more difficult. Research shows that we’re likely sensitive to only about 50% of Neptune-size planets in binary systems and scarcely any Earth-size planets. Combining this information with existing observations suggests that there are likely 10–30% more small planets in our galaxy than previous estimates that don’t account for binarity have suggested.

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Plenary Lecture: Unraveling AGN Feeding and Feedback: JWST, ALMA, and Integral Field Spectrometers to the Rescue, Erin Hicks (University of Alaska Anchorage) (by Maggie Verrico)

Professor Erin Hicks from the University of Alaska Anchorage gave the second plenary talk of the session. She highlighted several recent results by the Galaxy Activity, Torus, and Outflow Survey (GATOS) collaboration on active galactic nucleus fueling and feedback mechanisms which were made possible by high-resolution instruments like the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and JWST.

We think all massive galaxies host central supermassive black holes, some of which are actively accreting material — so-called “active galactic nuclei.” These active galactic nuclei are connected to their host galaxies by a complex fueling structure that funnels gas in the galaxy down to the supermassive black hole’s accretion disk. Under the “unified theory of active galactic nuclei,” that accretion disk is surrounded by a donut-shaped structure called the “dusty torus,” which can obstruct certain sightlines toward the active galactic nucleus. Professor Hicks’ work has been to complicate our model of the dusty torus; instead of a small, donut-shaped dusty structure, the work she highlighted has revealed that the torus is a large and dynamically complex interface between the accreting black hole and the nucleus of its host galaxy. She emphasized the importance of the torus as both a site of active galactic nucleus fueling by gas inflows and where feedback drives gas outflows which can have a huge impact on the host galaxy.

Professor Hicks first highlighted several studies of individual active galactic nucleus hosts in the nearby universe to demonstrate that active black holes can have very different relationships with their host galaxies, even when they are similar in luminosity. In particular, she discussed how the relative orientation between the torus and the host galaxy is crucial for understanding active galactic nucleus feedback. When the torus is aligned with the host galaxy, the active galactic nucleus drives outflows perpendicular to the plane of the galactic disk, sometimes inducing star formation outside the galactic disk (so-called “positive active galactic nucleus feedback”; seen in this work by GATOS collaborator Laura Hermosa Muñoz). On the other hand, when the torus is perpendicular to the plane of the disk, the active galactic nucleus drives outflows that deplete the molecular gas in the central region of the galaxy. In theory, this should drive “negative active galactic nucleus feedback,” a process by which the active black hole limits star formation in its host.

Professor Hicks hinted at future work regarding this active galactic nucleus–host galaxy coupling, particularly in finding ways to test how well-coupled the black hole system is with the host galaxy molecular gas reservoir. She highlighted a recently submitted work by her graduate student Lulu Zhang studying different ionized emission lines as a tracer of the chemical and physical qualities of gas in the nucleus around active black holes. She also discussed the need for population studies which can reveal larger patterns in behavior, like this article by Santiago Garcia-Burillo that uses decades of ALMA observations to find evidence of feedback in the central 50 parsecs of high-luminosity active galactic nucleus hosts. These high-resolution datasets will be crucial for understanding the complex relationship between active galactic nuclei, their dusty tori, and the galaxies in which they live.

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SPD Plenary: González Hernández Prize Lecture: Solar Connections: Reflecting and Leaning Forward, Holly R. Gilbert (High Altitude Observatory/NCAR) (by Lexi Gault)

Dr. Holly R. Gilbert was awarded the inaugural Irene González Hernández Prize, which recognizes mid-career scientists for their outstanding contributions to the field of solar physics. This award, as Dr. Gilbert began her talk acknowledging, honors the memory of Irene González Hernández, a solar physicist remembered for her significant contributions and dedication to the solar physics community.

Following this recognition, Dr. Gilbert provided an overview of her career path that she fondly referred to as a “random walk.” Having originally planned to become a concert cellist, Gilbert was drawn to astronomy and decided to pursue a career as a solar physicist. Interested and inspired by images of the Sun, she wanted to understand how it worked and what mechanisms were behind this extremely close star.

In particular, Dr. Gilbert was interested in understanding how prominences worked. Solar prominences are bright filaments of material extending from the surface of the Sun into the corona that follow along the Sun’s magnetic field. During the earlier stages of her career, she used observations of solar prominences to guide new physical insights about these features. Along with collaborators, Gilbert modeled and measured the mass of material involved in observed prominences, finding that down flow of neutral hydrogen and helium leads to mass loss within the structures. These processes can impact the evolution of prominences and show that the Sun’s magnetic field governs interactions of the solar surface and in the corona.

From here, Dr. Gilbert discussed the importance of continuing to study the Sun’s magnetic field and how understanding the corona and solar surface will allow for better predictions and monitoring of solar weather. She highlighted a number of proposed missions including the Chromospheric Magnetism Explorer (CMEx), the Coronal Solar Magnetism Observatory (COSMO), and the Next Generation Global Oscillations Network Group (ngGONG), which would all aid in understanding space weather, unlocking huge discoveries and advancing the field of solar physics. However, Gilbert acknowledged that looking toward the future in the current climate is hard. All of these planned missions and hopes for advanced science are at risk, but she charged the community to stay resilient and work together in order to continue doing the impactful and critical science we are passionate about.

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