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Title: Sites That Can Produce Left-Handed Amino Acids in the Supernova Neutrino Amino Acid Processing Model
Author: Richard N. Boyd, Michael A. Famiano, Takashi Onaka, and Toshitaka Kajino
First Author’s Institution: The Ohio State University
Status: Published in ApJ
Scientists are enamored with the search for life. They’ve scoured spectra for hints of life-supporting gases in the atmospheres of exoplanets. They’ve assessed the friendliness of galaxies near and far, and found the universe to be an unforgiving place. They’ve plumbed the depths of the oceans and studied pristine Antarctic lakes to understand the harsh conditions life might be able to withstand elsewhere in the cosmos.
The search for life on other worlds has been guided by what we know about life on Earth. Life as we know it depends on amino acids to survive. Today’s paper explores the effects of exotic astrophysical settings on amino acids, which could tell us something about how life came to be on Earth — and where else in the universe life like Earth’s might be found.
The Stuff of Life
Amino acids — important components of proteins — have a property called chirality or handedness. Much like left and right hands, which are mirror images of each other, chiral molecules come in left- and right-handed pairs. These pairs of molecules contain the same atoms and the same chemical bonds, but no amount of turning, bending, or wiggling can make them look exactly the same, as Figure 1 shows.
Figure 1. A simple amino acid, alanine. The solid triangle indicates that that part of the molecule sticks out of the plane of the page, while the dashed triangle indicates that that part of the molecule is directed backward, into the page. The two forms of alanine, left-handed (left-most illustration) and right-handed (center illustration) alanine, are a chiral pair. Right-handed alanine can’t be converted to left-handed alanine just by turning the molecule over (as illustrated in the right-most illustration).
Right-handed amino acids are rare in nature, and all multicellular Earth life depends on amino acids that are left-handed (with the exception of glycine, which is the same as its mirror image). This is weird. If you whip up a batch of your favorite amino acid in a lab (such as in the famous Miller-Urey experiment and subsequent experiments that demonstrated that lightning could kick off the formation of amino acids in the primordial soup), the molecules will be roughly 50-50 left- and right-handed — so why does life have a preference for left-handed amino acids?
While many scientists believe that the preference for left-handed amino acids arose naturally on Earth, the how is still unclear. Another option is that the bias toward left-handed molecules was introduced from afar — through amino-acid-bearing meteorites crashing to Earth, for example. Many meteorites contain a small excess of left-handed amino acids, which tells us that some process in space can create an excess of left-handedness in chiral molecules.
Where Does Left-Handedness Come From?
The authors of today’s paper suggest that a preference for left-handed amino acids can be caused by a combination of a strong magnetic field and a source of electron antineutrinos.
First, assume that amino acids are orbiting an astrophysical object that emits lots of antineutrinos and has a strong magnetic field, such as an expanding supernova, a massive Wolf-Rayet star, or a newly born neutron star. These amino acids could be present on the surface of dust grains or embedded within meteoroids or planets. Then, as the molecules are pummeled with antineutrinos (
Figure 2. An illustration of the magnetic field of a neutron star. The magnetic field orientation (B) and the antineutrino and nitrogen spins (Sν and SN) are shown with light blue arrows. [richardboydastro.com]
Here’s where the magnetic field comes in: combined with the motion of the molecules around the star, the magnetic field works to align the nuclear spins of the nitrogen atoms. For left-handed amino acids, the nuclear spin is parallel to the antineutrino spin — so left-handed amino acids are more likely to survive the onslaught of neutrinos. The effect isn’t huge, since most neutrinos pass through without interacting, but the authors estimate that this process could cause a 1% excess of left-handed amino acids — comparable to the few percent excess seen in meteorites. Enough, perhaps, to imprint a bias toward left-handed molecules on the young Earth.
Are We All Aliens, Then?
Does life on Earth owe its origins to meteorites processed by antineutrinos and magnetic fields? Maybe, maybe not. There are many hypotheses for how life acquired its taste for left-handed amino acids, and they don’t have to be mutually exclusive. One thing is for sure, though: we have a lot to learn about chiral molecules — and amino acids in particular — in space. While glycine, an achiral amino acid, has been discovered everywhere from the interstellar medium to the atmospheres of comets, the first chiral molecule in space was discovered only in 2016. Perhaps the first chiral amino acids will be discovered in the tumultuous region around a newborn neutron star. If so, Earthlings can look on from afar and give them a wave. Left-handed, of course.
About the author, Kerrin Hensley:
I am a third year graduate student at Boston University, where I study the upper atmospheres and ionospheres of Venus and Mars. I’m especially interested in how the ionospheres of these planets change as the Sun proceeds through its solar activity cycle and what this can tell us about the ionospheres of planets around other stars. Outside of grad school, you can find me rock climbing, drawing, or exploring Boston.